Airway
The structures that compose the upper and lower airway are:
The alveoli are:
The exchange occurring within the alveolar walls and capillaries is:
The upper airway: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (nose, mouth, tongue, jaw)
The lower airway: trachea (thyroid and cricoid cartilages, separated by the cricothyroid membrane), lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
The alveoli are tiny, grapelike sacs at the ends of the bronchioles and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur within them. (CO2 from body into lungs, O2 from lungs into body)
The index of suspicion is:
The awareness and concern for potentially serious underlying/unseen injuries or illnesses
The sides of the heart receiving oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are:
The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, the right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
A carpet burn is actually:
An abrasion, a scrape to the top (superficial) layer of skin
Cyanosis is __ and indicates:
Bluish skin color indicating decreased amounts/lack of oxygen
We use these airway maneuvers when:
Head-tilt Chin-lift: on pt. who is unresponsive, in cardiac arrest, or respiratory distress; when no spinal injury is suspected
Modified jaw thrust: when spinal injury is suspected on pt. who is unresponsive, etc.
Regarding gunshot wounds, the __ is bigger than the __:
Exit wound, entrance wound
Perfusion is:
The circulation of blood into the body organs/tissues to meet the cells' current needs
Describe the rule of nines
The rule which dictates the percentage of skin burned.
The head and neck 9%, the torso 18% (chest 9%, abdomen 9%), the back 18% (upper 9%, lower 9%), each arm 9%, each leg 9%, the groin 1%
The recovery position is:
It is used/not used when:
When a pt. is rolled onto their right/left side, top leg bent, bottom arm under head
It is used when a pt. is not injured and breathing on their own w/ normal respirations and adequate tidal volume.
It is not used when a pt. is unconscious or require assisted ventilations, or has spinal, hip, or pelvic injuries
How do we measure and OPA and NPA?
The pt. begins gagging on the OPA. You must first do this and if they vomit do this:
BONUS: When testing the suctioning device, it must reach this amount of pressure when clamped:
OPA measurement from earlobe or angle of the jaw to the corner of the mouth. NPA measurement from the tip of pt. nose to earlobe
If pt. starts to gag, turn to the side (w/ log roll) and remove airway, prepare to suction. If pt. vomits, suction for up to 15 seconds (adult).
BONUS: 300 mm Hg
To treat a sucking chest wound the EMT should:
Clear and maintain an open airway, cover the wound with an occlusive dressing to prevent more air from entering.
The veins, arteries, and capillaries do this:
Veins bring blood back to the heart (Right heart receives from body, Left heart from the lungs)
Arteries delivery blood through the body tissues/organs
Capillaries allow contact between blood and cells of the tissues; one end connected to arterioles, the other to venules
A first degree burn is:
A burn that affects only the top layer of skin; superficial; results in redness, but no blisters
A sunburn
A fall from __ a person's height is considered significant.
2-3 times the person's height
The best indicator that the pt. is receiving adequate ventilations is:
The term for air entering the stomach is called:
Adequate chest rise and fall.
Gastric distention
An avulsion is:
To treat an avulsion, the EMT should:
An injury that separates various layers of tissue, resulting in either a flap or complete detachment of the tissue.
To treat if resulting in flap, place the flap in as close a position as anatomically correct and secure w/ dressing. If tissue is detached, wrap detached part in sterile gauze, place in bag, and bring to hospital w/ pt.
Hypoperfusion, the state of collapse of the cardiovascular system that leads to inadequate circulation
A third degree burn is:
A burn that goes through multiple layers of skin, possibly into muscle and reaching bone; may produce a leathery effect on surrounding skin; there is no pain as the nerves have been burned
A laceration is __, differing from an incision (a sharp, smooth cut)
A jagged cut to the skin, from either a sharp object or blunt object that tears the skin
A CPAP is:
A CPAP helps with oxygenation by:
Continuous positive airway pressure machine
It continuously pumps air into the lungs increasing pressure, opening collapsed alveoli, pushing more oxygen across the alveolar membrane, and forces interstitial fluid back into pulmonary circulation.
A crush injury:
Occurs when the body or body part is subjected to high force/pressure between two objects
Hypovolemic shock is:
An abnormal decrease in blood volume (rapid blood loss) that causes inadequate oxygen circulation within the body
In treating a dry chemical burn, one should:
Brush away the dry chemical before flushing w/ sterile water/saline
Upon arrival at a scene, the EMT should first:
Treat life-threats (hemorrhages, amputations), then assess ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)