Overview
Acquiring information and transforming it into long term memory
Encoding
stimuli remembered more with deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of processing
Levels-of-processing approach
According to the ___________principle, recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.
encoding-specificity
At this level of processing structural encoding occurs. Emphasizes the structure of the stimulus.
Shallow Processing
Odd things are more memorable. Example: if interviewing for of job and a woman is most important in decision making process, you make sure to remember her name by using deep processing, find something distinct that distinguishes her name.
Distinctiveness
Encoding-specificity principle may depend on how similar the two environments ______, rather than on how similar they______.
feel, look
_________encourages more accurate recall because of distinctiveness and elaboration.
Deep processing
Process by which we encode new targets by relating them to already known facts
Elaboration
True or False: Shallow processing can actually be more effective than deep processing when the retrieval task emphasizes superficial information.
True
Word or other stimulus that helps a person remember info stored in memory
Retrieval cue
You remember more information if you related it to yourself. The tasks tend to encourage especially deep processing
Self-reference effect
The encoding-specificity effect is most likely to occur in memory tasks that
(a) assess your recall
(b) use real-life incidents
(c) examine events that happened long ago
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
(d) all of the above
True or False: people achieve a deeper level of processing when they extract more meaning from a stimulus.
True
Pictures are distinctive and highly memorable lead to better memory. Less errors in memory if tested with pictures
distinctiveness heuristic
True or False: Encoding specificity cannot override level of processing
Fale