China
What was the main purpose for the Mongol's Conquest?
To invade and conquer Northern China.
Why did the Mongol Empire in Persia Collapse?
Because of lack of a suitable leader and political fragmentation, plus economic hardships.
What is the Khanate of the Golden Horde?
Powerful Mongol in the 13th century which was later a Turkicized khanate.
What is the Mandate of Heaven and how did the Mongols use this?
1. A Ruler was given the divine right to govern by the gods.
2. The Mongols used Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their rule over China.
How did the Mongols conquer China, Persia, and Russia?
The Mongols military was really brutal when conquering all three states. If the people of a city did not submit to the Mongols then they would demolish the city and kill thousands of people.
What did Marco Polo report on the treatment of the Chinese during Mongol Rule?
Marco Polo reported the Chinese were treated like slaves, they forbade intermarriage between the Chinese and the Mongols, and the 4-class caste system was designed to suppress native power.
The production of which two products increased under Mongol rule?
Silk and Wine.
Silk due to Mongol connection with China, Wine because of Mongol desire for alcohol.
What system of government rose after the Mongol conquest?
Autocracy rose because of the Golden Horde shifting power from decentralized city states to a singular prince.
What is the Chinese Imperial Examination System and how did the Mongols use this?
1. A civil service examination for the purpose of selecting candidates for the bureaucracy.
2. Mongols ignored this system to undermine native Chinese scholars, it was fully restored in the Ming Dynasty.
What happened to the Mongols after their empires in China, Persia, and Russia fell?
In Persia, when the Mongol Empire collapsed, the Mongols just disappeared and assimilated into Persian society. However, in China the Mongols were driven out and in Russia the Mongols retreated to southern steppes or assimilated into local populations.
What was the Yuan Dynasty?
A Mongol-led dynasty to where they gave themselves a Chinese dynastic title to suggest a new Chinese beginning, opening trade routes across Asia.
Why is there not much Mongol influence in Persia today?
Because Mongols assimilated into Persian society, taking up local customs and Islam and not exerting much long-term influence
Why did the Russian Orthodox Church flourish under Mongol policy?
It flourished because the Golden Horde provided tax exemptions and charters which protected them.
Safavid Empire
It was a major Turkic Empire established in Persia in the early 1500s. It was known for its attempts to convert people to Shia Islam.
How did the Mongols rule in China, Persia, and Russia?
In China, the Mongols ruled by creating the Yuan Dynasty. In Persia, the Mongols left most government operations to the Persians themselves, while the rulers still held extreme power. In Russia, the Mongols used indirect rule because they did not occupy Russia like what they did in China and Persia. Instead they occupied the steppes neighboring Russia to live in their pastoral ways.
What was the Ming Dynasty?
When peasant rebellions combined and forced the Mongols out of China it caused the Yuan Dynasty to collapse. The ruler was replaced by Native Chinese rulings, creating the Ming Dynasty.
To what extent did the Mongols control the Persian government?
They had little influence because they used the Persian bureaucracy. They left most government operations to the Persians. The Mongols attempted to repair damaged cities and neglected irrigation systems.
What are the major cities that the Mongols destroyed?
Ryazan, Moscow, Vladimir, and Kiev.
Who is Hulegu?
The first il-khan of Persia; Conquered most of Persia in a second invasion, took control of Baghdad in 1258, and led an army that killed 200,000 people.
What happened religion wise in Persia, China, and Russia?
In Persia, many of the Mongols that conquered the land, converted to Islam, which was the local religion. No such widespread conversion to the culture of the conquered occurred in China or in Russia.
What was it like under Khubilai Khan’s rulings?
Improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, limited death penalty and torture, supported peasant agriculture. Though, the Chinese were considered at a lower level than everyone as they were heavily mistreated.
Identify the empire that rose after the fall of the Mongols, and which major change in Persian culture ensued?
The Safavid Empire rose and reunited all of Persia. They imposed the Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state. Over time, this version became the identity of Persian culture.
What was the cause of the fall of the Mongol empire in Russia and what came after?
Internal conflicts, and the rise of Moscow were the two main causes of the fall of Russia. Russia itself expanded, and a new empire was created.
What is a Kipchak and What happened to them?
Nomadic turkic pastoralists and warriors.
During the Mongol invasion, they destroyed the Kipchak confederation and absorbed their remnants into the Golden Horde.
What aspects of each society (China, Persia, Russia) flourished under Mongol rule?
In China, roads and canals were built and improved. In Persia, trade of silk was prominent, in Russia, the Russian Orthodox Church flourished.