Chapter 2
Who founded the Mughal Empire?
Babur
In addition to gold and salt, what two other types of goods were regularly exported from Africa?
textiles and enslaved people
Why might governments in states along trading routes have sponsored caravanseries?
They wanted to encourage trade across their lands.
In what part of Europe did Christian humanism develop?
Northern Europe
What is the form of reasoning that begins with a general theory and arrives at a specific conclusion after observing a body of information?
deductive reasoning
Who won the First and Second Opium Wars?
Britain
What were peninsulares?
White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies
What areas in Africa did Germany take over?
Togoland and the Cameroons
During what period did Japan's political system become increasingly dominated by the military and the emperor's role become more shrouded in secrecy and worship?
Showa
What area of China became controlled by Japan in the early 1930s?
Manchukuo
What were satellite states?
eastern European countries the Soviet Union would control by installing communist, pro-Soviet governments within them
What was Din-I Ilahi?
a religion created by Akbar
In the mid-fifteenth century, who purchased enslaved people from Mali on the Senegambia coast?
Portuguese
What was an achievement of Sultan Suleiman's reign?
the creation of a unified legal code that applies to all parts of the empire
What practice of the Catholic Church did Martin Luther protest in the Ninety-five Theses?
the sale of indulgences
What premise is the concept of natural rights based on?
People have fundamental rights that cannot be revoked by human-made laws or political leaders.
What does the "Scramble for Africa" refer to?
the competition among European countries to establish African colonies
What were creoles?
White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas
Whose assassination started World War I?
Franz Ferdinand
What did the Dawes and Young Plans deal with?
Germany's reparations payments
What was the statement of the British and U.S. goals and objectives for the world after World War II?
Who supported Ngo Dinh Diem?
the United States
Which port city was the base of the Portuguese State of India?
Goa
What were some of the key exports from Songhai?
kola nuts, salt, and gold
What was the system of enslaving young men from villages in the Balkans and putting them into state service known as?
devshirme
Why was the Jesuit order founded?
to educate young Catholic men
Which philosopher argued that all people are born free in a state of nature, and the government should exist only by their consent?
John Locke
Japan, China, and Russia sought increasing influence over the peninsula of:
Korea
To what did the term casta in Spanish America refer?
a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics
The Triple Entente consisted of which three countries?
Britain, France, and Russia
What was the goal of the first Five-Year Plan?
rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union
What Russian city was attacked in 1942, where a major battle raged before it was recaptured by the Russians, resulting in nearly 100,000 German soldiers being taken prisoner?
Stalingrad
Where did the Nationalists flee to after losing the civil war in China?
Taiwan
In which region did the British compete intensely with the French
Bengal
What were Timbuktu and Djenne renowned as?
centers of Islamic learning and religious scholarship, as well as trans-Saharan trade
Describe the Sultanate of Women.
Women, usually the wives or mothers of the reigning sultan, were now able to exert considerable influence at court.
Their adoption of non-European navigational technology in the Age of Exploration allowed Europeans to
sail out of sight of the European coast
The belief that individuals must accept certain moral and political obligations as members of society is part of which philosophical concept?
the social contract
In what country did the U.S. fight a guerilla war in an attempt to institute rule over it?
the Philippines
What country was founded after a successful revolt by enslaved people?
Haitian
What helped cause the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
nationalism spurring revolts and loss of territory
What group or groups did the Palmer Raids in the United States target?
Russians and suspected radicals
What was the focus of the Yalta Conference?
making sure the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and that the United Nations would be created
What Iranian leader did the United States and Britain worry was a communist and would ally the country with the Soviet Union?
Mohammad Mossadegh
Japan invaded China's vassal state of Korea.
What was the capital of the Songhai Empire?
Gao
What technological innovation demonstrates the relationship between Islamic practice and technological innovation?
the use of trigonometry to calculate the qibla.
How did the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans help initiate the Age of Exploration
It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed Muslim Ottomans
Elite women typically hosted which influential settings for the exchange of Enlightenment ideas?
the salons
How did colonization in the second half of the nineteenth-century differ from colonization in previous centuries?
Nineteenth-century colonies were not usually intended to be settler colonies.
What socioeconomic group was stronger at the end of Mexico’s struggles for independence?
wealthy landowners
Why did the United States initially stay neutral in World War I?
The United States had historically stayed out of European affairs.
Why did the U.S. Senate oppose the Treaty of Versailles?
The Senate did not want to join the League of Nations, which was established by the treaty.
What did the U.S. government believe would happen if the United States invaded Japan?
It would result in many U.S. casualties because the Japanese population would fight to the death.
What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution do?
What was the goal of the Silhak movement?
What trade item was produced in the Swahili city-states?
pottery
What did Muslim traders often rely on to avoid having to carry large amounts of gold over great distances?
letters of credit
Which Portuguese colony was the result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Brazil
What was a principal cause of the American Revolution?
British efforts to consolidate control over its colonies
Which industrial innovation aided colonization in the second half of the nineteenth century?
Maxim gun
What did Simón Bolívar’s political program for Gran Colombia envision?
a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite
Why did Germany sink the RMS Lusitania?
because it carried ammunition bound for the British army
What economic situation developed in Germany in the early 1920s?
Xian Incident
Where did the United States first find itself in conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
Berlin
What palace best reflects the blend of Indian and Islamic cultures in the Mughal dynasty?
Taj Mahal
Which Swahili city-state came to dominate the southern part of the coast, trading in gold with Sofala?
Kilwa
How did members of the ulama engage in debates and collaboration across the Muslim world?
correspondence
How did European nations respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?
They ignored the treaty.
What was a cause of the French Revolution?
an economic crisis
What was a major reason Europeans did not make extensive inroads into the African interior before the middle of the nineteenth century?
the inability to protect themselves from malaria
What did the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil do?
ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal
What group suffered genocide at the hands of the Ottoman Turks?
the Armenians
What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact do?
It outlawed war as an instrument of foreign policy.
What was the territory Hitler wanted from Czechoslovakia?
Sudetenland
What caused the First Indochina War?
France tried to reclaim Vietnam as a colony.
What was the institution through which numerous merchants pooled their money to fund trading voyages and share profits?
joint-stock company
The Kanem-Bornu Empire was able to maintain its control over the slave trade partly through military innovations, including weapons imported from ____.
North Africa
coffee
According to mercantilist theory, what is the main purpose of colonies?
to provide natural resources for the home country
What was a key difference between the Haitian Revolution and those in British North America and France?
The Haitian Revolution directly addressed racial inequality.
Which two nations most interfered with Italy's desire to establish an empire in Africa?
France and Ethiopia
How did Brazil differ from the former Spanish colonies after achieving its independence?
Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent.
What disease was spreading around the world at the end of World War I?
Why did women receive the right to vote in so many places in the 1920s?
as a reward for their efforts and support in World War I
What was the German invasion of the Soviet Union called?
Operation Barbarossa
On whom did Mao Zedong rely to destroy "bourgeois" elements of Chinese society in the Cultural Revolution?
students