Logical Fallacies
What are logical fallacies?
Logical fallacies are faulty reasoning or reasoning that can be considered unfair, unsound, or demonstrating simple minded thinking.
Why do we use hedging words? Name a few.
Also known as cautious language, used to carefully craft what you say to indicate stance. They are also used to let your audience know something is not the only answer or response.
Might, appear, suggest, assume, possibly, sometimes, possibility, usually...
When applicable, why do we address a gap in our research?
Addressing the gap allows us to communicate with our audience and let them know that there are some areas that still need further research
What are the 'to be' verbs?
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
What is the purpose of a topic sentence?
States the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs. Helps with organization too!
Identify the logical fallacy:
In my dream I was driving and I hit a person with my car, therefore I should stop driving forever.
Post Hoc
Why have I called the 'conclusions' paragraph a 'results' paragraph?
It allows us to synthesize the information in our essay and reach a conclusion that establishes the purpose behind it all.
What happens when you don't provide background/context for a quote?
Your audience won't understand the connection the quote has in your search us you set it up.
Make this sentence passive to active: The research essay was turned in by the student.
The student turned in the research essay.
Define 'context'.
The circumstances that form the setting for an statement, or idea, in terms of which it can be fully understood. The things (or background) you need to know to understand the information provided.
Identify the logical fallacy:
People who buy stocks are no different from people who bet on horse racing. They both risk their money with little chance of making a big profit.
False Analogy
What is an encapsulatory thesis?
what you are arguing + how you will argue it
Why would a writer use brackets in a quote?
If you need to insert words or replace words with different tenses, clarification, etc.
Why do we replace 'to be' verbs?
We want stronger, more specific sentences, Makes senses clear or more understandable, Helps avoid repetition, Broadens our vocabulary
Why do we argue? What is the purpose of an argument?
Someone has said or done something (or perhaps not said or done something) and we need to respond, or we need/want to reach an understanding.
Identify the logical fallacy:
My roommate is struggling with her biology class. I am in a different biology class but I am struggling too, so all biology classes must be difficult!
Hasty Generalization
Name 3 out of the 5 strategies you can use in introductions.
Providing brief history/factual background, stating main points of your paper, contrasts two opposing aspects but discuss your approach, quote an expert, and offer a fact/statistic.
What are some things we can address in our conclusions?
Address the key findings in your research, identifying the 'so what'?, identifying the gap, introducing new or expanded ways of thinking about your research question, providing some solutions for application.
Identify the 'to be' verb and replace it with a stronger verb.
Sarah was waiting impatiently at the airport for her sister to arrive from Japan.
Sarah waited impatiently at the airport for her sister to arrive from Japan.
Name 2 of the 3 types of arguments we discussed in class this unit.
Toulmin Method, IMRAD, Classical
Identify the logical fallacy:
You are either a leader or a follower
Either/Or
What are some strategies to support arguments?
Analogy, cause/effect, classification, comparison/contrast, definitions, narration, problem/solutions.
Name some characteristics of a research question.
Open for research, do not already know the answer, multiple possible answers or conversations, clear focus, and has to be reasonable.
Identify and replace the 'to be' verb in the following sentence:
The philanthropist is careful to give only to organizations that have low administrative costs.
The philanthropist gives (or donates) only to organizations with low administrative costs.
What are some ways you can integrate quotes into your essays?
Begin with an explanation, Use an introductory or explanatory phrase followed by a comma, Begin with the quote, Make the quotation part of your own sentence without any punctuation between your words and the quote