GH/ACTH
stimulation of GH
GHTH from hypothalamus, starvation, exercise, hypoglycemia, trauma
how long of a supply of T3/T4 is in the blood, how much in the thyroid follicles
at least a week;several months
aldosterone and cortisol are secreted from
the adrenal cortex
insulin stimuli
high serum glucose, GI hormones (GLP-1), obesity, somatostatin, epi, norepi, glucagon,
stimuli of ADH
inhibition of GH
GHIH
excess TH causes increase/decrease weight and ___intolerance while deficiency of TH causes increase/decrease of weight and ___intolerance
decrease and heat;increase and cold
stimulus for aldosterone and cortisol
aldosterone: increased potassium, increased angiotensin II, decreased Na
cortisol: CRH from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary which signals cortisol
stimuli of glucagon
decreased BG, increased blood amino acid, exercise
effects of ADH
increased water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase body fluid volume
ACTH is inhibited by
glucocorticoids
low T3/T4 stimulates hypothalamus to secrete ____which acts on anterior pituitary to make ____ which acts on thyroid to produce ____ which then inhibits____
TRH;TSH;T3/T4;TRH
effects of aldosterone
increases Na reabsorption and increases K excretion. Increases water retention to raise BP and BV
effects of insulin
synthesis of carbs, fat, and protein
stimulate glycogen formationstimulate triglyceride formation in adipose tissue
decrease in BGL by accelerating glucose uptake
increases rate of cholesterol synthesis
etc
effect of oxytocin
uterine contraction and lactation
ACTH is released by the ___in response to increased ____
anterior pituitary;CRH
What are the effects of hyper and hypothyroidism
hyper (low TSH): weakens muscles due to increased protein catabolism, decreased bone density, increased basal rate and decreased weight, fatigue, tachycardia, hypertension,
hypo (high TSH): somnolence, slow mentation, increased weight, decreased CO, constipation
the adrenal medulla secretes
epi and norepi
effect of glucagon
promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase BGL
what are the major regulators of calcium
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, minor regulator of calcium in some populations is calcitonin
direct and indirect effects of GH
direct: fat metabolism, carb metabolism, increased insulin resistance, increased growth of bone and soft tissue
indirect: mediated by IGF-1 of the liver,stimulate cell proliferation and facilitates the main function of growth hormone
effects of TH get at least 4
increases cellular metabolism, increases rate of energy production and o2 consumption, increase CO, increase RR, increased sensitivity of sympathetic nervous system, increased RBC production, increased mineral turnover, increases GI secretion and motility
SUPRISE the oxidation of iodide to iodine is catalyzed by
thyroid peroxidase
when tubular maximum is reached glucose is absorbed/excreted and osmotic diuresis occurs causing increased/decreased urine volume
excreted, increase
this is the active form of calcitrol and this is the function of calcitrol
1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol; transport of calcium across cell wall into blood, increased calcium reabsorption from bone, increase serum phosphate. Partial PTH inhibition