ADH and Body Fluids
This is the primary determinant of blood pressure, which is regulated within the body's fluid homeostasis.
What is Blood Volume?
This direct effect of Growth Hormone on adipose tissue.
What is increasing Lipolysis?
Thyroid hormones are calorigenic, meaning they directly increase the body's consumption of this gas and raise the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
What is O2? Remember increases internal and external respiration or whatever the hell that anki card said
This is the only form of plasma calcium that is biologically active and therefore the most tightly regulated.
What is Free Calcium (or Ionized Calcium or Ca2+)?
Chromaffin cells store these hormones and are considered this specific type of neural cell.
What are catecholamines and a modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron?
This specific percentage decrease in plasma volume is required to stimulate ADH secretion, which is a greater change than the necessary osmolality shift.
What is 10–15%? (The osmolality shift is 1-2%)
Besides Somatostatin (GHIH), this hormone secreted by the liver completes the long negative feedback loop by inhibiting both GHRH release and GH secretion from the pituitary
What is IGF-I?
T3 enhances cardiac function (chronotropy and inotropy) largely by increasing the expression of these specific cell surface receptors on cardiac myocytes.
What are β1-adrenergic receptors?
The secretion of PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) is directly and most potently inhibited by the binding of Ca2+ to the CaSR (Calcium-Sensing Receptor) found on these cells.
What are Parathyroid Chief Cells?
Cortisol directly increases the transcription of this key enzyme that creates epinephrine from norepinephrine.
What is PNMT (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase)?
This is the specific water channel whose exocytosis and insertion into the apical membrane of renal collecting duct cells is the short-term result of V2 receptor signaling.
What is Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2)?
A deficiency of Growth Hormone in adulthood (after epiphyseal closure) is explicitly listed as one of the many possible causes for this acute metabolic state.
What is hypoglycemia? Remember excess GH CAN cause diabetes....
T3 is said to have a permissive effect by potentiating the actions of these two major hormones on gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.
What are Cortisol and Epinephrine/NE? (GPT explanation: T3 does increase receptor numbers (β-adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors) and enhances the cell’s metabolic machinery, making cortisol and catecholamines more effective. That’s the classic permissive effect.)
The two main hormones (and their functions) whose actions on the GI tract, bone, and kidney are responsible for regulating blood calcium and phosphate.
What are PTH (Increase osteoclast activity, increase calcium and decrease phosphate reabsorption in kidney) and 1,25-dehydroxyvitamin D (increase GI absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate, increase osteoclast activity, increase Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption in kidney)?
Describes the order of catecholamine synthesis and rate rate-limiting enzyme.
What is Tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine → Norepinephrine→ Epinephrine with tyrosine hydroxylase being the rate limiting enzyme in Tyrosine → L-DOPA?
This is the formula for calculating Blood Volume.
What is Blood Volume = Plasma Volume / (1 − Hct)
The Growth Hormone receptor belongs to this specific class of cytokine receptors, characterized by its requirement to dimerize upon ligand binding and signal through associated cytoplasmic kinases
What is a Cytokine Receptor? According to GPT (“GH acts via a cytokine receptor that activates a tyrosine kinase (JAK2).” )
The production of this biologically inactive thyroid hormone via this enzyme is favored in periods of starvation or illness (non-thyroidal illness), as the body attempts to conserve energy by shunting T4 away from active T3 production.
What is rT3 via D3?
This key enzyme converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D into the most potent, active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, in this part of the body, and is regulated by this ENZYME?
What is 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the kidney, and FGF-23?
Describe each effect of catecholamines on the body
What increases HR, BP, bronchodilation, gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis (via increasing glucagon and directly through B2 and A1 adrenergic receptors), and decreases insulin.
Based on the Darrow-Yannet diagram axes, this is the expected change in ECF volume and ICF osmolality following osmotic equilibrium after the ingestion of a large amount of hypertonic saline.
What is an increase in ECF volume and an increase in ICF osmolality (or hyperosmolality)?
The metabolic effects of GH and IGF-1, respectively.
Growth Hormone (GH): GH is both anabolic and lipolytic. It promotes fat breakdown by stimulating free fatty acid release and oxidation, especially during fasting. GH decreases glucose uptake in muscle and increases hepatic glucose production, causing mild hyperglycemia. It also enhances protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by increasing amino acid uptake and reducing protein degradation.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1): IGF-1, produced mainly by the liver in response to GH, mediates growth and insulin-like actions. It promotes fuel storage, stimulates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and supports the growth and metabolism of cartilage-forming cells. Overall, IGF-1 drives anabolic processes and tissue growth across multiple cell types.
The absence of thyroid hormone during early life causes this severe syndrome, characterized by poor brain development and short stature, because T3 is essential for the normal action of this other pituitary hormone and its mediator required for skeletal maturation.
What is Congenital Hypothyroidism (Cretinism) and Growth Hormone (GH/IGF-1)? (Thyroid hormone is vital for normal growth and development, which includes supporting the actions of GH and its mediator IGF-1 on the CNS and skeleton.)
This mineral disorder, characterized by the hyper-excitability of nerve and muscle cells leading to signs like Chvostek's or Trousseau's.
What is Hypocalcemia?
This describes the acute and chronic effects of cortisol.
This hormone, when acting acutely, decreases the insulin/glucagon ratio, increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases proteolysis, decreases protein synthesis, promotes insulin resistance, and increases lipolysis.
When acting chronically, it increases appetite, increases the insulin/glucagon ratio, increases glycogen synthesis, increases proteolysis, promotes insulin resistance, decreases lipolysis, reduces collagen production, increases blood pressure, increases erythropoietin (EPO), increases bone resorption, decreases gut calcium absorption, and decreases renal calcium reabsorption.