Clinical Correlates
This condition is the result of GH hypersecretion after puberty and is clinically recognized by the enlargement of the hands, feet, and coarsening of facial features.
What is Acromegaly?
The principal product of the adrenal medulla.
What is epinephrine?
The active transport of Iodide from the blood into the follicular cell is mediated by this specific co-transporter.
What is the Sodium-Iodide Symporter?
The different cells of the pancreas and what they are responsible for producing.
What are A cells (glucagon), B cells (insulin), D cells (somatostatin), and G cells (gastrin)?
One of the products of osteoblasts that induces the differentiation of progenitor cells into osteocytes.
What is M-CSF?
This mineralocorticoid-related disorder is characterized by the triad of Hypokalemia, Mild Alkalosis, and Hypertension, and is commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma.
What is Conn's disease (hypoaldosteronism)?
In addition to its role as a hormone, Norepinephrine also functions as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, where it primarily acts on the alpha 1 receptors to cause this effect on blood vessels.
What is Vasoconstriction?
Thyroid hormones are lipid-soluble but circulate almost entirely bound to plasma proteins, primarily to this specific protein.
What is Thyroid-Binding Globulin?
The effect of A2 and B2 adrenergic receptors on the pancreas.
What is insulin inhibiting and glucagon stimulating?
These serve as markers for evidence of bone growth in the blood.
What are alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin?
The three different types of Diabetes Insipidus that result in the inability to concentrate urine and their briefly described mechanism.
This catecholamine, released by the adrenal medulla, enhances pulmonary ventilation by causing bronchodilation through its action on these receptors. (Which catecholamine predominantly and which receptor)
What are B2 adrenergic receptors and epinephrine? (B2 is preferential to epinephrine, B3 to NE, and the other are all about equal)
T3 must stimulate the synthesis of this specific pituitary hormone mediator in order for thyroid hormone to support normal linear growth and skeletal maturation.
What is IGF-1?
***DAILY DOUBLE*** The mechanism of the traditional pathway for insulin starts with the transporter allowing glucose into the cell.
What is the entry of glucose into beta cells via Glut2, increasing intracellular ATP, which deactivates the KATP channel, causing depolarization and opening of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, which allows for the influx of Ca2+, which leads to exocytosis of vesicles containing insulin?
Parathyroid Hormone achieves its goal of raising plasma Ca2+ through its slow response mechanism on the bone, which involves activating these specific cells.
What are Osteoclasts?
This term describes the life-threatening state resulting from total loss of all anterior pituitary hormones, leading to severe GH and ACTH deficiencies that cause both dwarfism and adrenal cortical insufficiency.
What is panhypothyroidism?
During the fight-or-flight response, this is the specific physiological event that causes the chromaffin cells to release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.
What is the release of Acetylcholine from preganglionic sympathetic fibers?
The effect of estrogen and glucocorticoids/steroids on thyroid hormone levels, respectively.
What increases TBG and TBG/T3/T4 binding, thereby increasing total T3/T4 while free T3/T4 remains constant?
What reduces TBG and TBG/T3/T4 binding, thereby decreasing total T3/T4 while free T3/T4 remains constant?
This potent Incretin hormone, released by L cells in the GI tract, enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion by activating the Gs/cAMP pathway in pancreatic beta cells.
What is GLP-1?
This condition is a failure of the bone osteoid to calcify, resulting in soft bones, and is primarily caused by Vitamin D deficiency.
What is osteomalacia (adults) or rickets (children)?
This ADH-related disorder is the result of either CNS damage or a V2 receptor mutation causing excessive/unsuppressed ADH release, leading to Hyponatremia and brain edema.
What is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion SIADH?
***DAILY DOUBLE*** Epinephrine promotes the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to this metabolic intermediate, which is then transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
What is Lactate (Lactic Acid)?
Describes the mechanism of Hashimoto's and Graves' disease.
What autoimmune disease destroys the thyroid gland via anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, while its counterpart stimulates TSH receptors with autoantibodies, causing hyperthyroidism?
Name the three distinct intracellular signaling pathways that stimulate insulin secretion from the beta cell. (Bonus 100 if you can name every molecule that activates the respective pathways.)
What are the ATP-dependent (Glucose/Amino Acid) pathway, the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP pathway, and the Phospholipase C DAG/IP3 pathway?
AC- glucagon, B2-adrenergic, GLP-1
PLC- Ach, CCK
The effect of Estrogen deficiency on RANKL production by osteoblasts, and state the general function of RANKL in the bone remodeling cycle.
What is Estrogen deficiency increases RANKL production, and RANKL stimulates the differentiation and activation of Osteoclasts?