Thyroid Issues
Describe cause of Cushing syndrome and possible s/s, tests for elevated cortisol
cause-elevated glucocorticoid levels-increased hormones secreted from adrenal glands
round moon face, purple striae on chest, armpits, abd, wt gain above nec/collar bone "buffalo hump"
tests-24-hour urine
What does ADH stand for and what does it do?
Antiduiretic Hormone-reabsorbs water and prevents excess water into urine.
List s/s of adrenal cortex issues:
facial puffiness, extreme fatigue
List causes for primary vs secondary Cushing Syndrome
What disease process can happen with Cushing Syndrome?
Primary-tumor of the adrenal gland
Secondary-ACTH secreting pituitary tumor
Elevated BP-can lead to CHF
Addisons is commonly described as a _________ condition
autoimmune
Describe hyperthyroidism s/s and tx, and thyroid storm
Describe hypothyroidism s/s and tx
HYPER:unexplained weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations), anxiety, and heat intolerance, insomnia, excessive hunger, LOOK UP TX, LOOK UP THYROID STORM
HYPO:fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and constipation. Other common signs are hair thinning, muscle aches, puffy face, hoarse voice, and slowed heart rate.LOOK UP TX
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What happens with hyperaldosteronism?
Reabsorb Na and excrete K (in an attempt to keep bp up)
Overproduction of aldosterone, causes bp to do what?
Vitamin D is regulated by the _______ gland
Parathyroid
a rare, usually lifelong condition where underactive parathyroid glands produce insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH), causing low blood calcium and high phosphorus
Key symptoms include muscle cramps, spasms (tetany), tingling in fingertips/toes/lips, fatigue, dry skin, and seizures.
Describe Sheehans Syndrome
Sheehan syndrome is a rare, life-threatening form of hypopituitarism caused by necrosis of the pituitary gland, resulting from severe blood loss (hemorrhage) or shock during childbirth
Describe primary and secondary hypothyroidism, s/s, lab values.
Also describe negative feedback loops
Primary hypothyroidism is caused by a diseased thyroid gland itself (common, e.g., Hashimoto's), resulting in high TSH and low T4. Secondary (or central) hypothyroidism arises from pituitary or hypothalamus dysfunction, resulting in low TSH and low T4. Both cause low metabolism, but primary requires thyroid hormone replacement, while secondary requires investigating pituitary function
underactive thyroid gland, extreme fatigue, unexplained weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, thinning hair, joint/muscle pain, and depression
Primary Lab values: elevated TSH, low T3 and T4
Secondary lab values: low to normal TSH and Low T3 and Low T4
LOOK UP NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
What gland controls Ca levels in the body?
Parathyroid gland
Where is cortisol made and what does it do
Adrenal cortex, manages the body's stress response, regulates metabolism, maintains blood pressure, and controls blood glucose levels
Describe primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency
Primary- a rare, chronic disorder where damaged adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone (Addison's)
Secondary-occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce sufficient ACTH, causing low cortisol levels, often due to chronic steroid use, pituitary tumors, or surgery (steroid withdrawal, pituitary tumors etc)
Describe PTU and what is it used to treat
What is RAI and what would the pt expect after tx?
Propylthiouracil (PTU) is an oral prescription medication used to treat hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and Graves' disease by reducing the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the body.
Radioactive Iodine Therapy-pt would take thyroid replacement for remainder of life
Describe Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation, damage, and commonly leading to an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
What gland assists with sexual maturation?
Anterior pituitary gland
causes of issues with growth hormone secretion-commonly pituitary adenomas
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland by releasing which hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
What is SIADH, and what clinical manifestations might a pt have with this issue
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone, headaches, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, weakness, and fatigue.
Low serum sodium levels (what are the ranges for serum sodium?)
Describe DDAVP and what it is used for
Synthetic hormone used to treat an assortment of health issues including Diabetes Insipidus
What are possible causes of Diabetes Insipidus? Review central and nephrogenic
What lab values would be monitor? Serum soidium
What clinical manifestations would the nurse expect with a pt with hyperparathyroidism?
Hypercalcemia, fatigue, kidneys stones, bone pain.
List the lobe of the pituitary gland that has the majority of the disorders related to pituitary issues.
Anterior pituitary gland
List s/s of growth hormone issues
Enlarged hands/feet, joint pain, deep voice, enlarged rib cage.
List disorders of the posterior pituitary gland
DI, SIADH, oxytocin issues
How to use steroid medications, how to stop.