Pituitary and Hypothalamus
This gland is called the master endocrine gland
What is the pituitary gland
ADH increases water reabsorption through these channels in the collecting ducts
What are aquaporins
Only this form of serum calcium exerts physiologic effects
What is ionized (free) calcium
A HbA1c at or above this value meets the criteria for diagnosing diabetes
What is 6.5%
The zona glomerulosa produces this hormone
What is aldosterone
These cells make up to 50% of the anterior pituitary cells and secrete growth hormone
What are somatotropes
This synthetic agent is the preferred treatment for central DI
What is DDAVP or Desmopressin
Tapping the facial nerve at the angle of the jaw elicits this sign of hypocalcemic tetany
What is Chvostek sign
Some experts recommend stopping this first-line oral agent 24 hours before surgery because of the concern for lactic acidosis
What is metformin
This induction agent inhibits 11B hydroxylase
What is etomidate
This is the most common surgical route for pituitary tumors
What is transphenoidal
Correcting hyponatremia too quickly risks this neurologic complication
What is central pontine demyelination
Alkalosis causes this effect on ionized calcium
What is a decrease
This "sign" is an inability to approximate the palms and fingers, and it predicts a difficult airway from glycosylation of tissue proteins
What is the prayer sign
The adrenal gland secretes about 20% of this catecholamine
What is norepinephrine
Growth hormone hypersecretion before the closure of the growth plates causes this condition
What is giantism
Plasma osmolality is physiologically controlled within this range
What is 285-290 mOsm/L
PTH controls the final step of activating this vitamin, which occurs in the kidney and produces 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
What is vitamin D
The FDA warned that SGLT-2 inhibitors may cause this perioperative complication, so they are stopped 3 to 4 days before surgery.
What is ketoacidosis
Hypertension with spontaneous hypokalemia is characteristic of this condition
Conn syndrome or primary hyperaldonsteronism
This is the only anterior pituitary hormone inhibited by dopamine
What is prolactin
This mood-stabilizing drug is a classic cause of reversible nephrogenic DI
What is lithium
Calcitonin is secreted by these thyroid cells
What are parafollicular C cells
A resting heart rate of 90 to 130 beats/min in a diabetic patient suggests this complication
What is cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
Hyperpigmentation in primary adrenal insufficiency results from elevated levels of which hormone
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone