Pituitary Gland
Inadequate production or absence of the pituitary hormones that causes widespread clinical presentations
Panhypopituitarism
Destruction of beta cells, "juvenile onset", always require insulin
Type 1 DM (IDDM)
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, salt craving, muscle and joint pain, increased pigmentation on extensor surface (improper regulation of concentrations of sodium, potassium, and water in body fluids)
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency aka Addison's disease (steroid deficiency)
Tx: ABCs,
if needed glucose, thiamine, and Narcan.
Aggressive fluid replacement using 5% dextrose in NS.
Hydrocortisone 100mg IV for acute crisis.
Causes hyperthyroidism, Goiter, increased appetite, weight loss, cachexia, polydipsia, Exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema
Graves Disease: autoimmune disorder which the thyroid gland hypertrophies
S/S: pathological fractures from thinning bones, kidney stones, fatigue, weakness, n/v, confusion
Hyperparathyroidism
Decreased levels of ADH
Polyuria
Dehydration
Hypotension
Diabetes Insipidus
Inability to utilize insulin effectively, insulin receptors not working
Type 2 DM, usually take metformin but can be prescribed insulin
Moon face, Buffalo hump, Acanthosis, weight gain, hyperglycemia, facial hair growth
Cushing Syndrome (excess cortisol)
Tx: ABC, supportive, assess BG
Cause of hyperthyroidism more common in women, autoimmune disorder that affects TSH receptors
Hashimoto Disease
Hypocalcemia, Hyperphosphatemia, Tingling, burning, twitching, muscle aches and cramps
Hypoparathyroidism
Increased level of ADH
Oliguria
Systemic Fluid overload (Severe HTN)
Seizures
SIADH
Type 1 DM, Kussmaul respirations, Ketones on breath, Hyperglycemia
DKA
Rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine: hypertension, anxiety, CP, Abdm pain
Pheochromocytoma
Fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin, sleepiness
Myxedema (Hypothyroidism) can lead to myxedema coma if untreated
Metabolic derangement that typically presents in patients with Type 2 DM, Hyperglycemia, AMS, drowsiness, lethargy, severe dehydration, partial paralysis, muscle weakness, seizures, takes weeks to develop
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
Caused by a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary gland, usually from people abruptly stopping taking corticosteroids, abrupt signs and symptoms of shock, elevated temp, severe N/V/D
Death usually is attributable to hypotension or cardiac dysrhythmias caused by hyperkalemia.
Tx: ABCs, rehydration, assess BG, ECG
Toxic condition caused by excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone: S/S anxiety, irritability, heat intolerance, thinning of hair, moist palms, fatigue + fever, severe tachycardia, N/V, AMS, heart failure
Thyrotoxicosis
Name the six hormones referred to as "tropic" hormones that stimulate other endocrine galnds
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
What 3 hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)
What are the 2 sections of the adrenal gland? And what hormones?
Adrenal cortex (secretes aldosterone & cortisol) & adrenal medulla (secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine)
What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine (T4) & Calcitonin
What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete and what does it do?
Parathyroid hormone: secreted when blood calcium levels are low and decreases the amount of calcium released in the urine