Hormones
Somatostatin is secreted by the ____________.
What is the Hypothalamus?
(delta cells of the pancrease also secrete somatostatin)
causes of hypocalcemia (8)
(give at least 4 to get question correct)
vit D deficiency
hypoparathyroidism
pseudohypoparathyroidism
hypomagnesemia
renal failure
liver failure
acute pancreatitis
hypoproteinemia
an aldosterone antagonist
spironolactone
What receptors does GH bind and use to convey its effects on target cells?
what is JAK/STAT?
Tertiary hypothyroidism refers to an issue localized where?
What is the hypothalamus?
Limitations of measuring hormone levels in plasma
What is diurnal/cyclic variation (reflective only of time of sampling, affected by diurnal/cyclic variation, age, sleep, hormone antagonism, hormone and metabolite interaction and protein binding)
symptoms of hypercalcemia
what is constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, coma, and death?
what is stimulate?
T4 and T3 circulate bound to ___________ and to a lesser extent _____ and __________.
What is thyroid-binding globulin(TBG), albumin, transthyretin (TTR)?
Silent or painless thyroiditis is aka _____________.
what is subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis?
_________ induces dopamine synthesis
what is prolactin?
(positive feedback to hypothalamus to produce dopamine which then gives negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to inhibit prolactin)
differentiate between nephrogenic and neurogenic diabetes insipidus by ________?
what is ADH administration (if patient responds to ADH and is able to concentrate urine, the issue is neurogenic. No response to ADH administration points to nephrogenic etiology)
Ketoconazole is a useful agent for treating _______.
What is Cushing syndrome?
(Metyrapone can also be used)
How many steps in thyroid hormone synthesis are inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU)?
What is three consecutive steps?
(3. oxidation of iodide by TPO 4. organification of iodine into MIT and DIT 5. Coupling rxn -> DIT + DIT = T4; DIT + MIT = T3)
Most lipid-soluble hormones are synthesized as needed rather than stored in vesicles like water-soluble hormones. The exception to this it ____.
What are thyroid hormones?
(Stored in colloid)
Glucagon increases blood blucose, fatty acids and ketoacids by increasing _______, _________, ______ and ______.
What is glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketoacid formation?
Clinical features of Conn syndrome
What is hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and decreased renin levels?
(aldosterone-secreting tumor)
Sulfonylurea drugs (e.g tolbutamide, glyburide) have what effect on insulin?
what is stimulate?
ACTH targets which areas of the adrenal gland?
What is Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis of the adrenal coretez?
(Zona fasciculata--> Cortisol)
(Zona reticularis --> Androgens)
Maturation of the CNS is one of the functions of what hormone?
What is T3/T4?
Stimulatory factors for GH secretion (9)
(give at least 5 to get question correct)
What is...
Decreased glucose concentration
Decreased FFA concentration
Arginine
Fasting/Starvation
Hormones of puberty (estrogen, testosterone)
Exercise
Stress
Stage III and IV sleep
alpha-adrenergic agonists
?
Levels of serum ACTH are INCREASED in which disease processes?
What is Addison disease, Cushing disease, 21 beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?
Opioids have what effect on cortisol secretion?
What is inhibition?
Chronic release of cortisol differs from acute release of cortisol in that chronic release results in __________.
What is increased insulin/glucagon ratio AND decreased epinephrine/norepi from sympathoadrenal output?
(e.g Cushing syndrome)
pathological increase in bone density