Thyroid
The hormones released by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid
TRH, TSH and T3 and T4
What stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus
Cold, Stress, and Exercise
The 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and their corresponding hormones
glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids
fasciculata- glucocorticoids
reticularis- androgens
What hormone is produced in abundance by the corpus luteum
progesterone
Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign indicate what
hypocalcemia
The enzymes that converts T4 to T3 in the periphery
deiodinases (ex 5' deiodinase)
Jimmy has been awfully cold, gaining weight, and tired. What would you expect his TSH and free T3/T4 to be if his problem is a primary thyroid problem
low T3/T4 high TSH
The venous drainage asymmetry of the adrenals mirrors what other bilateral organs
ovaries/testes
If LH=7 and FSH=3, and the patient is complaining of amenorrhea, what would you suspect her ovaries to look like (in a classical scenario) on a transvaginal ultrasound
She may have PCOS, this would present as the "black ring of pearls" on ultrasound
GH acts via what pathway to induce IGF-1 production in the liver
Jak/Stat
The drug used in hyperthyroidism that inhibits thyroid peroxidase and can cause hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism, agranulocytosis, AND is a teratogen
methimazole
The drug that inhibits both thyroid peroxidase and 5'deiodinase
Propylthiouracil
Predict the dexamethasone tests show for a patient with an adrenal adenoma
low dose and high dose would still have high cortisol levels
A surge of this hormone triggers ovulation
LH
This PTH family drug is used to treat osteoporosis
teriparatide
Describe how Graves' disease causes hyperthyroidism
The body creates antibodies that act on TSh receptors in the thyroid and stimulate them
Injury to this nerve during a thyroidectomy would cause difficulty speaking due to failure of the vocal cords to close
The recurrent laryngeal. Runs along the inferior thyroid artery. It innervates the lateral cricoarytenoids which adducts the vocal cords for speech
Two babies are born with a 3BHSD deficiency, one is XX and one is XY. Would you expect none, one, or both to show ambiguous genitalia?
Both because DHEA can partially virulize a female but is not enough to fully virulize a male
Leydig cells and Sertoli cells secrete what hormones important to development of the male reproductive system in utero
Leydig: testosterone
Sertoli: Anti-mullerian hormone
What drug could you use to treat hyperprolactinemia
A dopamine agonist like bromocriptine or cabergoline
Hashimotos thyroiditis
high TSH low T3/T4
positive thyroglobulin antibodies
positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies
Exophthalmos and non-pitting edema on the shins (pretibial myxedema) are physical exam findings for what thyroid abnormality
Graves
2 values you look at in a urine sample if you are suspicious of a pheochromocytoma
VMA and metanephrine. these are catecholamine breakdown products
A premutation of this disorder is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Fragile X- premature ovarian insufficiency
This is a monoclonal antibody under the anabolic class of osteoporosis drugs that targets a molecule secreted by osteocytes
romosozumab- targeted to sclerostin