All about hormones
Glucagon and Insulin have what type of hormone interaction
Antagonostic
The Blue heart is located where?
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Anterior Pituitary
An excess amount of growth hormone.
Gigantism
A child comes in for their yearly check up but you see that they have stunted growth and are not meeting height expectancy for their age. What do you diagnose?
Pituitary Dwarfism
Oxytocin is what type of feedback?
Positive
A direct effect of this hormone is to stimulate anti-insulin actions.
Growth Hormone
This gland secretes what hormones?
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Thymulin, Thymosin, & Thymopoietin
Describe characteristics of Acromegaly.
Found in both males and females but is noticed more in females
Bones get thick, jaw line becomes more blocked
Affect growth in adulthood.
A 9-year-old patient comes in with symptoms of lethargy, abnormal bone development, and poor muscle tone. What is the diagnosis?
Cretinism
hypothyroidism in children
During extreme hypovolemia what does ADH cause the smooth muscles of arterioles to do?
vasoconstrict
This hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and in birth, estrogen induces these receptors in the uterus.
Oxytocin
Insulin is secreted by____ while glucagon is secreted by_____
a. Beta cells
b. Alpha cells
Define Hypothyroidism and list 2 causes.
Insufficient production of thyroid hormone.
Causes: insufficient iodine, lack of thyroid gland, lack of hormone receptors, lack of TH binding globulin
A patient comes in describing that they have had interrupted nights of sleep, increased restlessness, and are always hungry
After performing a urinalysis sample the results were as shown...
Protein: trace
Glucose >500mg
ketones: Large
Urobilinogen: Negative
Specific gravity: 1.000
What's the diagnosis?
Diabetes Mellitus
What epithelial tissue are follicular cells made up of?
simple cuboidal
List 2 actions of triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4).
Stimulate RBC formation, Increase basal metabolic rate, increase heat production, increase weight loss, stimulate GH secretion, and Increase target cell responsiveness to catecholamines by increasing #’s of adrenergic receptors
This zone releases what?
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glucocorticoids/cortisol
Describe Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
Thyroid infiltrated by lymphocytes that are attracted by the antibodies that are attacking the thyroid proteins.
Symptoms include decrease in basal metabolic rate, gain weight, sluggish, not alert, fatigued
A patient comes in with the following symptoms:
Symptoms include:
gluconeogenesis resulting in hyperglycemia,
muscle protein breakdown and lipolysis.
Hypertension and edema caused by water and salt retention
Appearance includes thin appendages and obesity in trunk, and “moon face”.
What is the diagnosis?
Hypercortisolism
Cushing syndrome = Steroid Diabetes
What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
The hormone interactions are dependent upon what three factors?
1. Blood levels of hormones; [hormone] in blood reflects
a. Its rate of release
b. Speed of degradation
2. Relative # of receptors for that hormone on/in target cells
3. Affinity of the bond between hormone and receptor
Part I: What do cells 1 and 2 secrete?
Part II: And in what situation would cell 2 release its hormone?
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1- Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
2- Calcitonin
Parafollicular cells release calcitonin when calcium levels are high.
Addisons Dz
List cause and results that occur due to a decrease in aldosterone and cortisol.
Cause
- Generally caused by autoimmune dz of adrenal cortex
Decrease in aldosterone results in
- Hyponatremia-> hypotension and dehydration
- Hyperkalemia
Decrease in cortisol results in
-> Poor response to stress
-> Hypoglycemia
-> May lead to conduct disorders in females and aggessiveness in males (still controversial)
A 45-year-old patient comes into the clinic with complaints of excessive sweating and feelings of lethargy. They report experiences of nausea and diarrhea along with muscle weakness. Upon objective assessment, you discover the patient has a goiter and early signs of exophthalmos.
What disease do you suspect the patient may be experiencing?
Grave's Disease
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
BE SPECIFIC!!
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease consisting of non-functional beta cells whereas type 2 diabetics may have functional beta cells with non-functional GLUT transporter mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes can also be managed through diet and exercise. Patients with type 1 diabetes are insulin-dependent for the rest of their lives.