Hormones
Name the 2 hormones released by the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
ADH, oxytocin
This disease is caused by a decrease in Growth Hormone (GH), can be caused by heredity or a tumor or injury to the anterior pituitary. Treated with GH for life (best if before epiphyseal plates close).
Dwarfism (Hypopituitarism)
A patient with Diabetes Insipidus (DI) has large amounts of dilute output and no glucose in the urine (polyuria). List 3 s/s they may present with.
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac arrest, thirst - up to 30L/day, malaise, lethargy, irritability, hypotension, weakness, dizziness
What are patients most at risk for when treated with glucocorticoids (steroids)?
Risk of infection (they reduce inflammation by suppressing immune response)
What is the MASTER GLAND?
Pituitary Gland
Name the 6 hormones of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
This disease occurs in childhood before bone plates close.MD would assess a GH lab for GH overproduction.
Hyperpituitarism
List 3 side effects caused by steroid hormone replacement for Addison's disease.
GI ulcers, hyperglycemia, decreased wound healing, infections, blood clots, cataracts, moon face, rage.
24-hour urine
Adrenal crisis can be life threatening. What can you educate your patient on to decrease the risk?
AVOID STRESS (infection, illness, trauma, emotions)
Name 3 rules of HORMONES
Chemicals produced in small amounts, secreted directly into the blood stream, transported to target tissue, broken down for body use, react with very specific receptor site on a target cell, regulate negative feedback
This disease is caused by insufficient secretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. The cortex of the adrenal gland decreases function leading to deficiencies of cortisol and aldosterone.
This can occur from an 'abrupt withdrawal of steroid therapy' (why steroids are titrated)
Addison's disease
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) and Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) are both treated by what interventions?
Fluid restrictions, Strict I&O, daily weights, electrolyte values
An effective surgical technique for removing pituitary and other intrasellar tumors with minimal morbidity and hospital stay.
Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
List 3 facts about the Thyroid Gland.
Regulates metabolism and bone calcium, is palpable, secretes the following hormones: Thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrocalcitonin or Calcitonin (activated by TSH from anterior pituitary gland).
What are the anterior pituitary gland hormones stimulated by from the hypothalamus?
This disease is diagnosed through an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The patient is given glucose to raise their blood sugar, which should decrease production of Growth Hormone (GH), however the GH does not drop below 1ng/mL.
Acromegaly
What symptoms would a patient present with if they had Pheochromocytomas (attributable to excess adrenaline production, could be caused by a benign tumor)?
Severe headaches, excess sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, elevated blood pressure, anxiety, tremors, nausea, pain in lower chest/upper abdomen, weight loss, heat intolerance
What is ingested or injected for a thyroid scan to evaluate if there are any nodules or how much the gland has absorbed of the ingested/injection?
Radioactive Iodine
Increased uptake - Hyperthyroid
Decreased uptake - Hypothyroid
What kind of diet should an individual with Hyperthyroidism follow?
High protein, high calories, high carbs (CHO). Also, eat snacks between meals, if able.
What does the Growth Hormone (GH) growth and development of?
Bones, muscles, and organs
This disease can cause facial edema from extremely low thyroid levels. If hypothyroidism is left untreated or patient does not follow the treatment plan, a coma could occur.
Myxedema
List 5 s/s of Hypothyroidism.
Weight gain, lethargy/fatigue, depression, constipation, cold intolerance, dry hair & skin
A patient has Parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency and tetany is noted on exam. Tetany is a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms caused by malfunction of the parathyroid gland and a consequent deficiency in what?
Calcium
What is it called when a patient shows signs of twitching of the facial muscles in response to tapping over the area of the facial nerve?
Chvostek's sign