Thyroid
What are the two forms that the major metabolic hormone of the thyroid (TH) can be found in?
T3 & T4
What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Important for calcium homeostasis (enhances reabsorption of calcium)
What types of tissue are the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla composed of respectively?
Glandular tissue & nervous tissue
Name a hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells (GI tract)
Gastrin, ghrelin, secretin, cholecystokinin, incretins
Name the condition that can be due to either hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin in the body.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Is thyroid hormone (TH) a lipid or water-soluble hormone?
Lipid
What is the major hormone produced in the pineal gland?
Melatonin
Aldosterone is the weakest mineralocorticoid. True or false
FALSE, it is the most potent
What two hormones do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen & progesterone
What condition occurs from hypersecretion of the glucocorticoid, cortisol and results in a buffalo hump or moon face?
Cushing’s syndrome/disease
What is the difference between T3 & T4?
The number of bound iodine molecules (3 vs. 4), T3 is more active than T4, tissues need to convert T4 to T3
What is the antagonist hormone to parathyroid hormone (hint** produced in the thyroid)?
Calcitonin
What is gluconeogenesis?
Conversion of fats & proteins into glucose to be used in body; encourages cells to use fatty acids for fuel so glucose is saved for brain; release glucose into blood
True or false: alpha cells produce glucagon & is a hyperglycemic hormone.
TRUE
What is a condition relating to hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (TH)?
Graves’ disease
Where is thyroid hormone (TH) stored & how is it triggered?
Stored in extracellular lumen follicle until triggered by TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).
If blood calcium levels were to decrease below normal amount, would parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase or decrease?
increase
What are the cells that synthesize catecholamines? (**hint: found in the adrenal medulla)
Medullary chromaffin cells
What does adipose cells release (1 of 3) - name at least 1?
leptin, resistin, adiponectin
Name the condition that involves the hyposecretion of corticosteroid hormones and abnormal bronzing of skin?
Addison’s disease
List 2 major effects of thyroid hormone (TH).
Increase basal metabolic rate, increase heat production, regulate tissue growth & development, maintain BP
Name 2 different things that melatonin may affect
Timing of sexual maturation & puberty, day/night cycles, physiological processes showing rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite), production of antioxidant & detoxification molecules in cells
What are two effects of catecholamine?
Vasoconstriction, Increased HR & blood glucose levels, blood diverted to brain, heart, skeletal muscle mass, short-duration (sympathetic driven)
What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus (DM)?
Polydipsia (excessive thirst) , polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger & food
What is the name of the condition that is often due to a tumor on the parathyroid gland?
Hyperparathyroidism