Diabetes- Type I
Diabetes- Type II
Metabolic Syndrome
Hypoglycemia
Complications
100
Antibodies against this are the most common cause.
What are pancreatic beta cells?
100
Early physiologic signs of insulin resistance
What are impaired glucose utilization by tissues and ↑ hepatic glucose production?
100
This has been proposed as the central factor contributing to the development of Metabolic Syndrome.
What is insulin resistance?
100
Most common cause of hypoglycemia
What is treatment of DM by overdose of glucose-lowering agents?
100
Varying diagnostic standards of this disorder in this specific population.
What is Metabolic Syndrome in a pediatric population?
200
These are used to mimic the body's physiologic release when treating DM-1.
What are basal and prandial insulins?
200
These are classic symptoms of DM-2.
What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
200
Risk factors for the development of Metabolic Syndrome.
What are prenatal exposures, family history, poor diet, and sedentary lifestyle/inadequate exercise?
200
Components of Whipple's Triad
What are a history of hypoglycemic symptoms, a FBG <45mg/dL when symptomatic, and immediate recovery upon glucose administration?
200
Neuroglycopenic symptoms
What are weakness, fatigue, confusion, seizures, focal neurologic deficit, and coma?
300
Somogyi phenomenon.
What is nocturnal hypoglycemia with early morning hyperglycemia?
300
These are members of a comprehensive diabetes management team.
Who are primary care provider (MD, PA, NP), endocrinologist, diabetic educator, dietitian, podiatrist, ophthalmologist, dentist, and other specialists as needed (nephrology, cardiology, wound care, physical therapy, social worker, etc)?
300
Criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a 37 year-old African-American woman.
What are FBG >100mg/dL, BP >135/85mm Hg, triglycerides >150mg/dL, HDL-C <50mg/dL, and waist circumference > 35"?
300
This etiology is likely in a patient complaining of symptoms with the following laboratory results: insulin >6-10mcg/mL, glucose =43mg/dL, and C-peptide >0.2-0.4 nmol/mL.
What is an insulinoma?
300
35-60% of women with this will develop diabetes mellitus in the future.
What is gestational diabetes?
400
These are the general ratios used to calculate insulin (units) to patient weight (kg) and insulin (units) to carbohydrates (g).
What are 0.5–1 units/kg per day and 1–1.5 units/10 g of carbohydrate?
400
These are the goals in managing a patient with DM-2.
What are glycemic control, treating comorbidities, and managing complications? Discuss approaches for each goal.
400
A treatment plan for a 48 year-old Asian man recently diagnosed due to meeting these criteria: WC of 37", FBG =112mg/dL, and HDL-C =34 mg/dL.
What are therapeutic lifestyle changes (dietary modification {be specific} and increased physical activity {be specific}) and Metformin Rx?
400
Recommended treatment for a patient with documented postprandial hypoglycemia.
What are frequent meals high in protein and low in carbohydrate?
400
These are the areas of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
What are eye disease, neuropathy, and nephropathy for microvascular and coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebral vascular disease for macrovascular? Discuss the pathophysiology and provide an example of each.
500
This emergent condition accounts for initial presentation of approximately 25% of patients with DM-1.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Discuss the pathophysiology of this condition and how it correlates with its clinical presentation and treatments.
500
This is an emergent clinical presentation of DM2.
What is a clinical presentation of an elderly patient with several weeks of polyuria, weight loss, decreased oral intake with confusion, lethargy, and coma without nausuea, vomiting, or abd pain (hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic state)? Discuss the renal pathophysiology of this condition.
500
Pathophysiologic mechanisms of the increased risk for DM and CVD.
What are the progression of insulin resistance, increased thrombogenicity of blood, endothelial damage to vasculature, and increased arterial stiffness? *Now discuss each of these in detail if you have not already.
500
Physiologic causes of hypoglycemia.
What are increased insulin secretion, greater glucose utilization, and inadequate compensatory regulatory mechanisms? Discuss potential causes of each and their specific effects within the physiology of glucose homeostasis.
500
These are other areas of where complications of diabetes mellitus are seen.
What are GI (gastroparesis, diarrhea), GU (uropathy/sexual dysfunction), dermatologic, infectious, cataracts, glaucoma, periodontal disease, and hearing loss??
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