Functions
The function of adrenal glands
They are responsible for the body's stress response, blood pressure regulation, and maintaining electrolyte balance, among other critical tasks.
The role of the testes is
Production of testosterone
What is the function of ADH?
Increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby helping prevent dehydration.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Fatigue, Weight Gain, Cold intolerance, Muscle Aches and Weakness, Depression and bradycardia.
What is the difference between type one and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by either the body not producing enough insulin or the cells not responding properly to insulin, a condition known as insulin resistance.
The function of the thymus gland
The thymus gland's primary function is to train and mature T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell essential for the immune system.
This gland is considered the "master gland"
Pituitary
What 2 hormones are involved in calcium regulation in the body? What do they do?
Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium by storing calcium in the bones.
Parathyroid hormone: Raises blood calcium by breaking down bones.
What is the primary cause of gigantism?
Excessive production of of growth hormone leading to massive growth and height in children
What is the normal blood sugar range?
80-120
What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts.
What 2 hormones do the posterior pituitary store and secrete?
The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (also known as vasopressin) and oxytocin. These hormones are actually synthesized in the hypothalamus and then transported down the axons to be stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Which one is used to control the majority of the endocrine system?
Negative feedback aims to return a system to a set point or maintain stability, like body temperature regulation. Positive feedback, on the other hand, accelerates a process, often moving it away from a set point, like childbirth or blood clotting. The endocrine system mostly uses negative feedback.
Anxiety, high blood pressure and heart palpitations and signs and symptoms of _______. Why?
Pheochromocytoma. This is a tumor that results in an overproduction of catecholamines including epinephrine, which is a fight or flight hormone.
Where are the hormones of the pancreas produced and what do they do?
Insulin: Beta cells, Lowers BG
Glucagon: Alpha cells, Raises BG
The function of thyroid and parathyroid glands.
Thyroid gland: Produces and releases T3 and T4 which lays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development.
Parathyroid gland: Calcium regulation
What are the 2 main hormones involved in menstruation?
LH and FSH.
Pregnancy test is confirmed by the presence of which hormone in urine?
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin).
Which of the following is the most common cause of goiter worldwide? How has this been fixed in the modern era?
Iodine deficiency. Fixed through iodine fortified salt.
What are the 3 P's of hyperglycemia? Why are these things happening?
Polyuria: This refers to the increased production and excretion of urine. The body's kidneys are trying to filter out excess glucose from the blood, leading to frequent urination.
Polyphagia: This is increased hunger or appetite. Despite eating, the body may still experience hunger because the cells aren't getting the glucose they need.
Define the three types of hormone stimulation
1.Hormonal Stimuli: Glands are encouraged by hormones secreted by other glands.
2.Humoral Stimuli: Levels of nutrients and ions in the blood can cause glands to secrete hormones.
3.Neural Stimuli: Nerve impulses cause glands to secrete hormones.
What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone is secreted from here
Corpus Luteum
What is the difference between Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome?
Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome are both adrenal gland disorders, but they involve opposite extremes in hormone production.
Addison's disease is characterized by underproduction of cortisol and ADH
Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive cortisol production
What are Kussmaul respirations? Why does this happen?
Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid, and labored breathing patterns that occur as the body attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis by exhaling excess carbon dioxide. Acidosis is caused by ketone production from gluconeogenesis.