Glands
Which gland is known as the "master gland"
Pituitary
What hormone regulates blood sugar levels?
Insulin
In Type 2 diabetes, what happens to the body's cells?
They become resistant to insulin
What regulates metabolism?
T4
Thyroxine
The adrenal glands are located:
On top of the kidneys
The thyroid gland requires which mineral to produce its hormones?
Iodine
Which hormone plays a role in the fight-or-flight response?
Adrenaline
A patient is experiencing unexplained weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. What endocrine disorder might they have?
Hypothyroidism
How does the body regulate blood sugar levels when they become too high?
The pancreas releases insulin, which helps glucose enter cells and lowers blood sugar
What is the main function of the adrenal glands in stress?
The adrenal cortex releases cortisol to help the body cope with long-term stress
Which gland controls circadian rhythms and produces melatonin?
Pineal
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increases blood calcium levels
What is the primary cause of excessive thirst (polydipsia) in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
The kidneys excreting excess glucose, leading to dehydration
What is osmotic diuresis?
High glucose levels cause the kidneys to release more water into the urine
What is an endocrine (not exocrine) function of the pancreas?
Releasing insulin
The hypothalamus communicates with which gland to regulate hormone release?
Pituitary
__________________ is released in childbirth, causing contractions of the uterus
Oxytocin
A patient has a tumor on their pituitary gland that is causing excessive growth hormone secretion. What condition might they develop?
Acromegaly (in adults) or Gigantism (in children)
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment, like body temperature or blood sugar levels, despite external changes
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid, adrenal).
Exocrine glands release substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands).
Gonads are __________________ in females and __________________ in males
Ovaries
Testes
This hormone regulates sodium and potassium levels
Aldosterone
What role does cortisol play in Cushings Syndrome and the characteristic "moon face"?
Cortisol promotes fat redistribution to the face and abdomen while also stimulating appetite
What is a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system?
The system often uses negative feedback to maintain balance. If a level gets too high or too low, a signal is sent to stop or start hormone production, bringing the level back to its normal range
DOUBLE POINTS
Explain isotonic versus hyper or hypo tonic and the cell.
1. Isotonic Solution (Equal Concentration)
Definition: A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell.
Effect on Cell: No net movement of water; the cell maintains its normal shape.
2. Hypertonic Solution (Higher Concentration Outside the Cell)
Definition: A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell.
Effect on Cell: Water leaves the cell to balance the concentration, causing the cell to shrink (crenation in red blood cells).
3. Hypotonic Solution (Lower Concentration Outside the Cell)
Definition: A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell.
Effect on Cell: Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst (lysis in red blood cells).