Pituitary & Hypothalamus
This hormone from the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is ADH (vasopressin)?
These cells produce calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels.
What are parafollicular cells?
This hormone from the testes stimulates spermatogenesis.
What is testosterone?
This inner region of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the adrenal medulla?
These pancreatic cells secrete insulin.
What are beta cells?
This hypothalamic hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release GH.
What is GHRH?
This thyroid hormone is more potent because it binds receptors more effectively.
What is T3?
This ovarian hormone increases connective tissue flexibility in the pelvis.
What is relaxin?
This mineralocorticoid increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is aldosterone?
Glucagon primarily acts on this organ to release stored glucose.
What is the liver?
Stretch of the cervix or nipple stimulation increases secretion of this hormone.
What is oxytocin?
PTH stimulates osteoclasts and increases synthesis of this vitamin to raise blood calcium.
What is vitamin D?
Melatonin decreases secretion of this hypothalamic hormone involved in reproduction.
What is GnRH?
This zone of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol.
What is the zona fasciculata?
Insulin secretion increases with hyperglycemia, certain amino acids, GI hormones, and this branch of the nervous system.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
CRH stimulates secretion of this hormone, which increases cortisol and aldosterone release.
What is ACTH?
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism of these three macronutrients.
What are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
Both ovaries and testes secrete this hormone to inhibit FSH.
What is inhibin?
Weak adrenal androgens are converted into this hormone in peripheral tissues.
What is testosterone?
Somatostatin from delta cells inhibits secretion of these two pancreatic hormones.
What are insulin and glucagon?
This system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
What is the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?
PTH causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium but excrete this ion.
What is phosphate (PO₄³⁻)?
Aging increases the familial tendency to develop this metabolic disorder.
What is type II diabetes?
During exercise, sympathetic stimulation increases secretion of these two hormones to elevate blood glucose.
What are epinephrine and glucagon?
During long‑term exercise, nutrient levels are primarily regulated by these two hormones.
What are cortisol and growth hormone?