Thyroid
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Diabetes
Miscellaneous
100
What food item can cause hypothyroidism?
Cabbage
also, turnips, but cabbage was mentioned by two lecturers
100
What is the embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland?
Rathke's Pouch
100
Name the darker cells on the upper portion of the photo?
Chief Cells
100
True or False
A good goal for HbA1c is 7%.
False, the goal should be LESS THAN 7%.
100
Which cell in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans produces and secretes glucagon?
Alpha Cells
200
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
AND
Give at least two treatments for this condition.
Grave's Disease
PTU, Methimazole, Propranolol, surgical excision, or radioactive-iodine ablation.
200
Give me the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland AND the location (nuclei) they are primarily secreted by.
ADH / Vasopressin - Supraoptic Nucleus
Oxytocin - Paraventricular Nucleus
200
What condition characterized by calcification of small blood vessels and necrosis of overlying tissues is a signifier of tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
Calciphylaxis, or Calcemic Uremic Arteriopathy (CUA)
200
Name the three ketone bodies mentioned that need to be tested for?
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Acetone
Acetoacetate
200
What pancreatic hormone is deficient in individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome?
Pancreatic Polypeptide
300
During the process of iodine trapping, what is the name of the protein that transports iodine from the intracellular space to the colloid?
Pendrin
Side note: a Sodium-Iodine Symporter (NIS) moves the iodine from OUTside the cell to INside the cell, then Pendrin takes over.
300
What is the name of the common surgical procedure for a Non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma?
Transsphenoidal Surgical Resection
... Syntax may vary, just know that its a resection through the sphenoid
300
Provide the three main targets of PTH in order to fulfill its effect.
Distal Convoluted Tubule in Kidney
Osteoblasts, to activate osteoclasts
Gut (good enough, specifics don't seem to be necessary)
300
What two drug classes for type 2 diabetes are considered both renally protective and cardioprotective?
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
SGLT2 Inhibitors
300
Provide at least 3 conditions that need to be screened for in individuals with acromegaly.
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Colonic Polyps
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertriglyceridemia
400
Provide the 4 main components of treatment for a patient undergoing a thyroid storm, or decompensated thyrotoxicosis.
NOTE - Must be in the correct order
1. Beta Blocker - often propranolol
2. Antithyroid Medication - PTU or Methimazole
3. Iodine - one hour AFTER the antithyroid med
4. Steroids - Blocks T4->T3 conversion
400
List five important hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin
400
Hypoparathyroidism can be seen in conjunction with Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome 1. A mutation of what gene is the cause of the above condition?
AIRE - Autoimmune Regulatory Gene
400
The efflux of what molecule at the end of the polyol pathway is responsible for worsening neuropathy in patients with diabetes due to its activity as a precursor to certain neuroconductive proteins?
Myoinositol
400
What two metabolic pathways are inhibited by citrate?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
500
Give the order of the molecules created through successive iodination in the process manufacturing the thyroid hormones, starting with a tyrosine attached to a thyroglobulin.
(Abbreviations are good enough)
1. Tyrosine
2. MIT
3. DIT
4. T3
5. RT3
6. T4
500
What is the specific name of the condition where the pituitary gland is damaged, necrosed, or hemorrhages due to blood loss or bodily stresses during pregnancy or childbirth?
Sheehan Syndrome
Pituitary Apoplexy is the generalized term for pituitary hemorrhage or necrosis; Sheehan is specific to pregnancy or childbirth complications.
500
What molecule is inhibited by parathyroid hormone that competes with RANKL in order to decrease osteoclast formation?
Osteoprotegerin
500
What is the Somogyi Effect AND how would you treat it?
An undetected dip in blood glucose levels in the very early morning hours (around 3a.m.) followed by an elevated pre-breakfast glucose level due to an adrenergic outpouring in response to the previous glucose dip.
Treat by reducing the insulin dose the night before.
500
Where does the sympathetic innervation of the pancreas originate from?
Lateral Horns of T5-T9