Thyroid
What is the first test for initial evaluation of a thyroid nodule?
TSH
What are the 4 ways to diagnose diabetes?
1. A1c > 6.5
2. Fasting glucose >126
3. Random glucoe >200 + symptoms
4. 2H Oral glucose tolerance test >200
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
oxytocin and ADH
Name the first test in evaluating adrenal insufficiency:
measurement of 8 AM serum total cortisol
What is the most common cause of hirsutism and androgen excess in women?
PCOS
Name the syndrome that occurs in patients who are hospitalized and critically ill and have TSH abnormalities
Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome / Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Nonthyroidal illness suppresses thyrotropin-releasing hormone, resulting in suppressed but detectable TSH. Infrequently, TSH can be mildly elevated in recovery from NTIS, but a TSH level of 20 or greater is not consistent with NTIS.
Treatment of NTIS is not recommended because of unclear clinical benefit. If NTIS is diagnosed, TSH should be rechecked approximately 6 weeks after the patient has recovered from nonthyroidal illness to assess for normalization.
Name the most common antibody seen in T1DM
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)
What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
LH, FSH, ACTH, prolactin, TSH, GH
Over what size of an adrenal incidentaloma do you recommend surgical removal?
4cm
When to start evaluating for infertility?
After 1 year of unprotected intercourse in women younger than 35 years and after 6 months in women age 35 years or older
By what percentage do you increse levothyroxine dosing in patients who become pregnant?
30%
What 3 medications are FDA approved for treatment of diabetic neuropathy?
Pregabalin and Duloxetine
Capsaicin (8%) patch is approved to treat painful diabetic neuropathy of the feet.
What 2 things you should measure to rule out pituitary hypersecretion in patients with pituitary tumors?
Prolactin and IGF-1
Name the 3 initial tests for Cushing Syndrome
24-hour urine free cortisol
serial late-night salivary cortisol test
overnight low-dose (1-mg) dexamethasone suppression test
After ruling out pregnancy, name the 4 initial labs in evaluating amenorrhea:
FSH, TSH, T4, Prolactin
Name the 4 medications used in treatment of thyroid storm:
IV β-blockers
Thionamide (PTU or methimazole)
IV high-dose glucocorticoids
Potassium iodide
What additional medication should be considered in patients with T2DM, persistent albuminuria despite maximally tolerated renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and normal potassium levels?
Finerenone
What tests should be performed in asymptomatic patients with newely found Empty-Sella?
Prolactin, 8 AM cortisol, and TSH and T4 levels
Repeat endocrine and radiologic evaluation in 24 to 36 months is recommended.
Over how many Hounsfield units do you need to screen for pheochromocytoma?
>10 Hounsfield units
What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?
Pregnancy
Name the phenonenon that occurs when administration of iodinated contrast precipitates iodine-induced hyperthyroidism
Jod-Basedow phenomenon
Name for diabetics who have epiodic DKA resulting from insulin deficiency but with variable periods of insulin dependence and independence.
Ketosis-prone diabetes / Flatbush Diabetes
What are the most common pituitary hormone deficiencies?
Somatotrophs and gonadotrophs are the most sensitive to injury; therefore, GH, LH, and FSH are the most common pituitary deficiencies.
What is the name of the scan used to diagnose pheochromocytoma?
iodine 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine or gallium-68 DOTATATE scans
Name a medication that can be used in patients with PCOS to improve fertility:
clomiphene citrate or letrozole