Redox & Thermodynamics
Reduction is the _______ of electrons
gaining
exergonic; release
name the three ways metabolic pathways are regulated
gene regulation, cellular regulation, biochemical regulation
what cellular process produces the most ATP
what is the final product of glycolysis
pyruvate
True or False: Gaining electrons increases your energy
Enzymes use what two things in close proximity to speed up reactions?
Glucose & ATP
cellular respiration uses what in order to harvest energy?
organic compounds
name two processes that form intermediates (hint: subprocesses of cellular respiration)
substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis
whenever we liberate _____ in the Kreb's cycle, we are also creating NADH
CO2
Cells govern chemical reactions based on what two things?
Rate and direction
Molecules must pass through a ______ prior to breaking covalent bonds
transition state
catabolism is different from anabolism because
catabolism releases energy and breaks down energy, and anabolism consumes energy and builds molecules
ATP and NADH drive what type of reactions?
endergonic
before the Kreb's cycle starts, pyruvate must be converted into:
aceytl CoA
the direction of a reaction depends on what two things?
the energy and concentrations of the reactants and products
Enzymes help atoms in molecules to overcome the ______, which is a natural result of the repulsion caused by bringing atoms close too one another
energy of activation
we gain energy by breaking down organic compounds through the ______ of electrons and by transfering the energy to intermediates
loss (oxidation!)
name two things that are required for ATP formation
H20 an Hydrogen
what is the net yield of NADH, ATP, and FADH in the citric acid cycle per molecule of acetyl CoA
3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH
Name one example of how/where potential energy is stored in the cell
Covalent bonds in glucose
name two things that can denature an enzyme
pH and temperature
what is the result of coupling an intermediate with an endergonic reaction?
the exergonic oxidation of what molecule makes ATP?
NADH
oxidative phosphorylation is driven by _____ and creates how much net ATP?
electron transport chain; 32 (APPROXIMATELY)