Metabolism & Energy Systems
This is the body’s main source of immediate energy for cellular processes.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Rationale: ATP stores and releases energy in cells.
This componeent of TDEE uses the most calories each day.
What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Rationale: Accounts for 60–70% of daily energy expenditure.
This is the measurement of body mass.
What is Body Mass Index?
Rationale: Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Kilocalories provided per Gram of carbohydrates and protein.
What is 4 kcal/g?
Rationale: Both macronutrients yield equal energy per gram.
This patient is at highest risk for decreased basal metabolic rate.
What is older adults with obesity, especially those with a history of diabetes or other related conditions?
Metabolic pathway that functions without oxygen and results in lactic acid buildup.
What is Anaerobic glycolysis?
Rationale:Occurs in the cytoplasm when oxygen is limited.
The approximate amount of weight a person will lose in 1-week if they consume 500 fewer kilocalories than their TDEE daily.
What is about 1 pound?
Rationale: 1 pound of fat ≈ 3,500 kcal deficit.
Apple-shaped fat distribution indicates increased risk.
What is Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?
Rationale: Central adiposity is metabolically active and increases risk.
Endurance athletes maintain higher carbohydrate intake.
What is to replenish glycogen stores and delay fatigue?
Rationale: Carbohydrates are the preferred fuel for long-duration activity.
A recovering burn patient recovering from severe burns needs higher caloric intake.
What is because hypermetabolic stress increases TDEE?
Rationale: Tissue repair and fever elevate energy demand.
This molecule is formed during aerobic pathway when pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A to form it.
What is Acetyle-CoA?
Rationale: Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle for full oxidation.
TDEE is affected by hypothyroidism.
What is by increasing TDEE?
Rationale: Excess thyroxine raises basal metabolism and overall energy needs.
Hormone is secreted by adipocytes to signal fullness to the brain.
What is Leptin?
Rationale: Leptin suppresses appetite and regulates fat storage.
Losing more than 2–3% of body weight from sweating.
What is dehydration and impaired performance?
Rationale: Fluid loss reduces plasma volume and thermoregulation.
During prolonged fasting the body preserves protein by using this energy source.
What is fatty acids from adipose tissue?
Rationale: The body shifts to fat oxidation to spare muscle.
Endurance athletes primarily use this energy source during prolonged exercise.
What is Fatty Acids?
Rationale: Aerobic metabolism increases fat utilization as duration lengthens.
Indirect calorimetry measures and determines calorie needs.
What is by Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production?
Rationale: Gas exchange reflects metabolic rate.
Rises with weight loss, stimulating appetite.
What is Ghrelin?
Rationale: Ghrelin rises with weight loss, stimulating appetite.
Protein supplements will not increase muscle mass without additional factor.
What is resistance training?
Rationale: Muscle hypertrophy requires mechanical overload, not just protein.
This endocrine disorder slows basal metabolic rate, often leading to fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain even when food intake has not increased.
What is hypothyroidism?
This metabolic by-product can accumulate and alter blood pH when carbohydrate intake is inadequate.
What are ketones?
Rationale: Fat breakdown produces ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis risk.
Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE).
What is The total amount of energy the body uses in 24 hours for basal metabolism, digestion, and physical activity?
"Set-point theory” of body weight regulation.
What is when the body maintains weight within a genetically determined range by adjusting metabolic rate and appetite?
Rationale: Explains difficulty sustaining rapid weight changes.
"Thin build" athletes require vitamin and mineral monitoring.
What is because they have limited body fat and low caloric intake which reduce nutrient reserves?
Rationale: Risk for deficiencies, amenorrhea, and stress fractures.
This physiologic response occurs after major trauma, surgery, or burns and causes the body to increase oxygen consumption, calorie use, and protein breakdown.
What is the hypermetabolic stress response?