IPA
True or False:
Vowels always have some type of airflow obstruction.
False
Consonents always have some type of airflow obstruction.
Vowels have no airflow obstruction.
What is the difference between a Bound Morpheme and a Free Morpheme?
*Bonus Points for Examples & Verbatim Definition*
A Bound Morpheme is a meaning carrying unit of language while not a full word (e.g. "-est," "-ful," "in-") These include prefixes, suffixes, infixes, inflections, etc.
A Free Morpheme is a complete, meaning-bearing word in a language (e.g. word, language, the).
Describe the difference between Perscriptive Grammer and Descriptive Grammar.
Prescriptive grammar - rules in grammars and usage books. How language "should" be used or "correct" usage determined by an "authority."
Descriptive grammar - observations of usage. How speakers use language to make meaning.
What is Phonology?
Phonology is all the sounds in the inventory of a particular language/speaker.
What is a Morpheme Tree?
*Bonus Points for an example*
Morphology Trees are visual representations of word-building according to certain hierarchical rules.
Cold/Scold and Top/Stop are both ___.
*Bonus Points if you define the word*
An Allophone is a sound variation within a phoneme that occurs in a predictable context.
Name and define the two Language Types and give an example of each.
Analytical - Communicates grammatical meaning primarily through word order. Modern English is an analytic language.
Synthetic - Communicates grammatical meaning primarily through inflected endings. Old English was a synthetic language.
PIE is ____ which is one of the main ____.
Proto-Indo-European Languages
Language Family
What is an Ablaut?
An Ablaut is a past tense indicated by an internal vowel change. (sing, sang, sung)
______ is a set of words, which in their everyday ordinariness, remain impervious to borrowing or rapid, extensive change.
Core Lexicon
Hat/Cat and Tube/Tub is an example of ____.
*Bonus Points if you can define the word*
Minimal pair: (contrastive pair) words that differ in meaning based on the change of a single phoneme.
Name and define the two Morpheme Classes.
*Bonus points for listing the type of words for each*
Open Class Morphemes are words that adapt to new grammatical and semantic demands.
- Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and derivational affixes.
Closed Class Morphemes are words that remain stable in form and sometimes meaning and don't add new members.
- Auxiliary verbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, Pronouns
Describe the difference between Langue and Parole.
Langue is a underlying abstract system of a language.
Parole is a speech or utterance produced by actual speakers based on the system.
What is a Phoneme?
A Phoneme is a class of speech sounds that a native speaker would consider the SAME sound. The smallest DISTINCTIVE unit of speech.
Explain The Comparative Method
Linguistic observation of existing languages and language change.
And
The belief that certain types of sound change are regular, predictable, and rule-governed.
Give 3 examples of Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation.
*Bonus Points if you define both*
Manner of articulation: the nature and extent of airflow obstruction in the production of a consonant sound.
Stop, Fricative, Affricate, Nasal, Liquid, Semi-Vowels, Flaps
Place of articulation: the location of the articulators (passive and/or active).
Labial, Bilabial, Labiodental, Interdental, Dental
Define Allomorph and give an example in either plural or past tense.
Allomorphs are variants of a single morpheme that often appear in predictable environments.
The past tense ending: (4 different phonological realizations)
[t] - walked
[d] - snored
[ɪd] - skated
ablaut - sang
The plural ending: (many different phonological realizations)
[s] - cats
[z] - dogs
[ɪz] - horses
[ən] - oxen
ablaut - mouse/mice
[aɪ] - syllabus/syllabi
Explain Saussure’s Theory
*Bonus Points for an example*
Sassure’s theory suggests that there are two main components of linguistic sign: the signifier—the sound or written word that represents the concept. And the signified—the culturally agreed-upon concept.
What is Metathesis?
Metathesis is a systematic process of sound change involving the reversal of sound elements in a word.
______ is the linguistic behavior where difference is purposefully maintained to reflect distance.
Divergence
For Vowels, list and define the 3 different articulary factors.
Height: the height of the TONGUE relative to the roof of the mouth (high, mid, low).
Frontedness: the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, back, central).
Tense/lax condition: how hard is the tongue muscle working?
Define Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes and list 3 different examples of each (I.e. suffixes and prefixes)
Inflectional - Bound morphemes that never change the definition or lexical category of the root word.
Verbs: Third-person singular -s, Progressive -ing, Past tense -ed, Past participle -ed & -en
Adj: Comparative -er, Superlative -est
Nouns: Plural -s, Possessive -s
Derivational - Bound or free morphemes that often change the definition or lexical category of the root word.
Noun to Adj: (-y)
Verb to Noun: (-age)
Adj to Noun: (-ness)
Noun to Noun: (-ness)
There are six early dictionaries in English. List the Dictionary Title, Author, and Purpose to two.
*Bonus points if you can do all six*
(1538) DICTIONAIRIE, BY THOMAS ELYOT ~ Latin-English glossary
(1604) A TABLE ALPHABETICAL OF HARD WORDS, BY ROBERT CAWDREY ~ Defined words borrowed from Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French
(1755) DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, SAMUEL JOHNSON ~ Listed 40,000 words & were better justified and organized than others from that time.
(1928) DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, SAMUEL JOHNSON ~ Share history of EVERY WORD in English going back to 1100 CE
(1828) AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, NOAH WEBSTER ~ Motivated by the desire for American linguistic independence
(1890) NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, G & C MERRIAM COMPANY ~ G & C Merriam bought the rights to the Webster dictionary
What is Recursion?
Recursion is the capacity of language to embed an infinite number of elements into its grammatical structures in the form of clauses and phrases.
Transcribe this sentence:
[ɪf ju lʊk æt wət ju hæv ɪn laɪf, jul ɔlweɪz hæv mor. ɪf ju lʊk æt wət ju doʊnt hæv ɪn laɪf, jul nɛvər hæv inəf]
If you look at what you have in life, you'll always have more. If you look at what you don't have in life, you'll never have enough.