Utilitarianism
This principle suggests that actions are judged by the greatest happiness they provide to the greatest number
utility principle
This Greek philosopher’s ethics form the foundation of Virtue Ethics, emphasizing character development
Aristotle
Deontological ethics is often associated with this German philosopher, who emphasized duty-based ethics
Immanuel Kant
This famous automotive case involved a car manufacturer making a utilitarian cost-benefit analysis regarding safety defects
Ford Pinto
This term refers to the moral entitlements or privileges that individuals have, which others are obligated to respect
rights
This philosopher is credited with founding Utilitarianism, focusing on pleasure as a measure of moral action
Jeremy Bentham
honesty and courage are examples of these, which make one morally admirable
moral virtues
Kant’s famous rule, which states one should act only according to a maxim that could be universally applied, is known as this
categorical imperative
This radiation therapy machine caused massive overdoses due to software errors and lack of verification, leading to severe patient injuries and deaths
Therac-25
This philosopher is well-known for his theory of natural rights, which asserts that individuals inherently have rights to life, liberty, and property
John Locke
Mill added this concept, arguing individuals should be free to seek pleasure unless they harm others
freedom principle
Virtue Ethics focuses on the character of this, rather than the outcomes or specific actions alone
the actor
This type of moral judgment is based on whether actions align with obligations rather than consequences
duty ethics
Two fatal crashes of this airplane model were linked to known design flaws, particularly in its automated software, leading to a global grounding
What is the Boeing 737-MAX
This concept in rights ethics emphasizes the obligation not to interfere with the freedoms or entitlements of others
negative rights
This variant of utilitarianism assesses the overall outcomes of rules, rather than individual actions, for the greater good
rule utilitarianism
In Virtue Ethics, these are traits that represent the opposite of virtues, often leading individuals away from moral excellence
vices
This principle in deontology requires that one’s actions should be applicable as a universal law, valid for everyone in similar situations.
universality principle
This automaker installed defeat devices in its diesel vehicles to pass emissions tests, misleading regulators and consumers about its environmental impact
Volkswagen
These are rights believed to be inherent and universal, not contingent on laws or social agreements
natural rights
The cost-benefit analysis used by Ford in the Pinto case is an example of this type of utilitarian reasoning
What is act utilitarianism
Come up with two vices (one on each side) for the following virtue:
Generosity
Possible Solution:
Stinginess
Wastefulness
this principle suggests never violating another individual's autonomy ("Treat others how you would like to be treated")
reciprocity principle
Engineers warned about faulty O-rings in this space shuttle, which ultimately led to a fatal explosion shortly after launch in 1986
Challenger
These rights are established through laws, agreements, or social systems and may vary across cultures or societies
conventional rights