Philosophers
This Philosopher wrote "Leviathan." He stated that absolute monarchies are the best type of government. He stated "In this state of nature, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and and short "He was extremely pessimistic person lookdown on human nature.
Who is: Thomas Hobbes
This philosopher strongly disagreed with other philosophers that science, art, reason improves the lives of people. He thought that civilization corrupts people. He believed in radical egalitarian reforms such as redistributing wealth and eliminating the aristocracy. He Pubished "The Social Contract" in 1762.
Who is: Jean Jacques Rousseau?
Wealthy French woman known for hosting salons.
Who is: Marie Therese Geoffrin?
What were the three classes that defined French society?
What is: The First estate was the clegy.
The Second estate was the nobility
The Third estate was everyone else.
What regions are considered part of Latin America?
What is: South America, Central America, MExico, and most of the Caribbean islands.
This philosopher was a French writer who wrote about government. He published "on the Spirit of Law" in 1748. He especially admired Britains's government because of its inbuilt checks and balances.
Who is: Baron de Montesquieu?
This female philosopher fought for women's participation in politics and education. She wrote "A VIndication of the Rights of Women in 179. SHe also argued that women should be able to become more than just nurses but also doctors.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
French mathematician who translated the worksofIsaac Newton into French.
Who is: Emile du Chatelet?
What did the Third Estates do at the meeting f the Estates-General?
What is: The third Estate left the meeting, declare itself the National Assembly, and claimed the right to make laws for France.
What were the five social classes in Spanish colonies?
At the top: those born in Spain who maintained their wealth
Below them: Creoles wo could not hold high office, but accumulate wealth;
Next: people mixed heritage:
Followed by: Enslaved Africans
Bottom: American Indians
This philosopher was exiled twice a from France to England because he used satire against the French government. He used his quill pen to write many works on religious tolerance and freedom of speech. He wrote Candide.
Who is: Francois Marie Arouet?
What was another rename for the enlightenment?
What is: Age of Reason
English writer who wrote a Vincidcation of the Right of WOmen arguing for education for both women and men.
Who is: Mary Wollstonecraft?
How did the series of events starting at the Bastille lead to the French Revolution?
WHat is: The people of the Third Estate thought they would be attacked by the King's army. They took control of the Bastille, killed the guards and released the prisoners.
Which social classes benefitted the most and least from the revolutions?
What is: The Creoles who already had wealth benefitted most; the people who were poorest gained the least.
This Italian philosopher wrote about crime and punishment. He didn't like the French Judicial system. He advocated speed trial, no torture, and definitely no capital punishment.
Who is: Beccaria?
Who wrote "Two Treaties on Government" a book which justified the overthrowing of James II in Glorious Revolution?
Who is: John Locke?
English writer who published "A serious proposal to the Ladies" criticizing limited opportunities for women's education.
Who is: Mary Astell?
How did Napoleon's actions lead to the end of the Republic in France?
What is: He overthrew the revolutionary government, declared himself emperor, tried to take over Europe untile he was defeated.
HOw was the path to freedom different for Brazil than it was for the other countries?
What is: Brazil was the only country to achieve independence without bloodshed?
This philosopher had a very optimistic view of human nature, unlike Hobbes. He stated that in a state of nature humans are neutral, not bad like Hobbes said. He advocated slef-government, a direct democracy. He formulated the three natural rights-lie, liberty and property.
Who is John Locke?
What events marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
What is: The Storming of the Bastile.
How did Englightenment idea affect Latin America?
WHat is: Creoles led independence movements against colonial powers.
What's the difference in power and taxes among the three estates?
What is: The clergy and the nobility had a lot of power and paid very little taxes. The third estate had little power and had high taxes.
What happened as the Enlightenment ideas about individual rights, revoltuin, and independence reaced Latin America?
The idea that people shoul choose their own government appealed to wealthy, poor, and enslaved people living in the colonies.