Enlight.
Thinkers
Thinkers
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that people have natural rights, including life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
In what year did the French Revolution begin?
1789
Which Caribbean colony became the independent nation of Haiti in 1804?
Saint-Domingue
Who wrote the Jamaica Letter in 1815?
Simón Bolívar
What is nationalism?
Loyalty to and identification with a nation or people who share a common identity.
Which thinker supported separating government power into three branches?
Montesquieu
What document declared the rights and freedoms of French citizens during the Revolution?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Who was a major leader of the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Against which European power did Bolívar fight for South American independence?
Spain
Which Prussian leader helped unify Germany through diplomacy, Realpolitik, and war?
Otto von Bismarck
Which philosopher argued that government should reflect the general will of the people?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which revolutionary leader became associated with the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
What was the main social goal of enslaved people during the Haitian Revolution?
To abolish slavery and end racial oppression.
In the Jamaica Letter, what did Bolívar's use of “light” most likely represent?
Freedom, liberty, and Enlightenment ideas.
Name one leader who helped unify Italy during the 1800s.
Count Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, or Victor Emmanuel II
Which woman argued that women deserved equal educational opportunities and greater equality?
Mary Wollstonecraft
What contradiction did Olympe de Gouges expose about the French Revolution?
Revolutionaries demanded equality but denied women equal political rights.
Which social group played a leading role in Spanish South America's independence movements?
Wealthy criollos
Why did Bolívar describe Spanish Americans as an “intermediate species”?
They were positioned between Spanish rulers and other colonial populations, occupying an intermediate social and political position.
Why did nationalism weaken the Austrian/Habsburg Empire?
Ethnic groups wanted independence or self-government instead of being ruled by the empire.
Why was Catherine the Great considered an enlightened despot?
She adopted some Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.
How did Napoleon change France after the radical phase of the Revolution?
He took control, established an authoritarian government, and introduced reforms such as the Napoleonic Code.
How did the goals of the Haitian Revolution differ from those of many South American independence leaders?
Haiti sought to end slavery and racial oppression, while many South American elites primarily sought independence from Spain.
How does Bolívar's Jamaica Letter demonstrate the influence of Enlightenment ideas on independence movements?
It argues for freedom from colonial rule and supports the right of people to govern themselves.
Explain how nationalism could unite Germany while weakening the Austrian and Ottoman empires.
Nationalism united German-speaking states into one nation, but ethnic groups within multinational empires demanded independence, threatening those empires' unity.