Key Terms
A letter written by a person from a certain time period or event is this type of source.
What is a primary source?
Japanese society was separated into different groups, with the Emperor figurehead at the top, Shogun second but with actual power, Samurai, peasants, and finally merchants at the bottom, showing this enduring issue (multiple, need one)
What are social classes, powerful individuals?
This leader helped spread Enlightenment ideas around Europe after he siezed power in France in 1799 and conquered much of the continent.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
This "Reign of Terror" leader in France contributed to the beheading of over 40,000 people deemed to be "against the Revolution," before he himself was beheaded in 1794.
Who is Maximillian Robespierre?
These thinkers used observation, logic, and reasoning to argue against rulers having absolute power and that humans had certain rights. (need two)
Who are Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot?
This idea can bring countries together or tear them a part, as it goes beyond mere patriotism, encouraging citizens to view their country as better than all others in every way.
What is Nationalism?
The Mughal Empire conquered areas with many Hindus and Muslim and some rulers used tolerance to help govern their diverse empire; this relates to this enduring issue (multiple answers, just 1)
What is conflict/warfare, religious differences, power/powerful individuals, cooperation?
This French absolute monarch lived in luxury at Versailles, where politicians would compete to put his shirt on, before he was executed during the French Revolution in 1793.
Who was Louis XVI?
As Spain and France had colonies on this continent, countries like Bolivia, Venezuela, and Brazil also rebelled for independence.
What is South America?
Besides absolute monarchs, this religious organization told people what to think and how to live, until Martin Luther and later thinkers questioned its authority.
What is The Church?
Napoleon made these laws in clear, easy-to-understand words and French law today is still based on it.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
A climbing national debt, shortage of bread and rising food prices left many French families struggling to afford basic necessities, contributing to anger toward the monarchy and showing this enduring issue (multiple, need one)
What is scarcity, economic instability, inequality?
Montesquieu argued that no one leader, or part of government, should all of the decision-making power so that it's not abused, and said it should be this instead.
What is separated/separation of powers?
These were causes of the French Revolution that led to the angry 3rd estate uprising and kicking things off by storming the Bastille. (2 reasons at least)
What are high taxes on commoners, wealth & power of king, bad harvests, and national debt?
This is a circumstance that led to the Enlightenment, since kings and queens often punished those that disagreed with them or questioned their right to rule.
What is abuse of power/absolute power?
In trying to prevent more revolutions, in 1815 many European royals attended this, with the goal of hitting the "reset" button and putting monarchies back in power; it was interrupted briefly when Napoleon showed up again for the battle of Waterloo...
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Giuseppe Garibalidi led military campaigns that helped unite territories in Italy under one government before giving it to the King of Sardinia, showing this enduring issue (multiple, need one)
What is conflict, nationalism, power?
This leader of the Bourbon Dynasty in France built the extravagant palace of Versailles, showing off his vast wealth as the "Sun King" and requiring other nobles to live there.
Who was Louis XIV?
This leader led an African slave revolt in the French colony of Haiti after learning about Enlightenment ideas, such as Locke's natural rights, and briefly governed the colony.
Who is Toussaint L'Ouverture?
What are observation and reasoning?
Also known as the "Blood Tax," the Ottoman Empire required Christian communities to give up a son, who then had to convert to Islam and served as a slave or elite soldier.
What is the Devshirme System?
Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi used a mix of nationalism, alliances, and war to bring Italy together as one, showing this enduring issue (multiple, need one)
What is conflict, powerful individuals, impact of ideas, interconnectedness?
This Japanese leader was the first to defeat other states and unite much of Japan, ending warfare, and requiring nobles to live in the capital to prevent a rebellion.
Who was Tokugawa Ieyasu?
While not a revolution technically, this leader used a "Realpolitik" and a "Blood and Iron" policy to bring German-speakers together and create a new country.
Who was Otto von Bismark?
Some rulers, like Catherine the Great of Russia, were considered these, as they held absolute power but used new ideas to give people some rights.
What is an Enlightened Despot/Dictator?