Pt inhales a substance that destroys the respiratory epithelium. What cell type will be seen proliferating to repair the epithelium?
What is Type 2 cells
100
What lung volume (TLC, IRV, IC, et.c) is contained in your lungs at rest
What is FRC
-also is the volume with lowest amount of pulmonary vascular resistance
100
why are stroke pt at increased risk of aspiration pneumonia?
They have swallowing muscle disfunction
100
What characteristic of a drug makes it contraindicated to use with theophylline
What is P450 interaction (especially inhibitors)
100
Most common agent of pneumonia in all patients (even immunocompromised)
What is Pneumococcus
200
You have discovered a substance that selectively destroys type 2 pneumocytes. What finding would be seen on imaging if this substance was inhaled by a pt?
What is Atelectasis
-dec type 2->dec surfactant->inc surface tension->atelectasis
200
Pt brought into the ED has been poisoned. The EMS technicians forgot what the pt was exposed to, but remembered he was treated with aryl nitrite. What toxin was the pt exposed to?
What is Cyanide
-Nitrites oxidizes Fe to 3+ state->increses affinity for CN
200
Pt comes in for evaluation of dyspnea. She says she has a Family History of pulmonary hypertension. If dyspnea is due to heritable cause, proliferation of what is causing dyspnea?
What is Vascular smooth muscle
-BMPR2 inactivating mutation->smooth muscle proliferation
200
Name 2 uses for N-acetylcysteine
What are loosens mucous plugs, antidote for acetaminophen toxicity, and protect against contrast-induced nephropathy
-looses mucous plugs by cleaving disulfide bonds
200
AIDS pt w/ CD4 count less than 200 and pneumonia. What is the cause and treatment
What is PCP and TMP-SMX
300
After performing an amniocentesis, you find an infant to have a lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio of >2. What hormone/category of hormone is responsible to this?
What is Cortisol/Glucocorticoid
300
A pt has been diagnosed with methemoglobinemia. What will his PaO2 look like (increased, normal, decreased).
What is Normal
300
What is the preferred treatment for large cell carcinoma
What is Surgery, not chemo
-small cell=chemo not surgery
300
Drug and MOA of drug that is used to treat pulmonary hypertension (Hint: drug is not prostaglandin or sildenafil)
What is -sentan and competitive antagonist at endothelin-1 receptors
300
Alcoholic with pneumonia and airfluid levels seen on chest x-ray. What is the microbe and treatment
What is Klebsiella and Clindamycin
-abscesses above diaphragm=clindamycin
-abscesses below diaphragm=metronidazole
400
A pt is diagnosed with a1-antitrypsin defeciency, predisposing them to panacinar emphysema due to their increased sensitivity to elastase. What two cell types are responsible for producing elastase?
What are Macrophages and Neutrophils
400
Only thing that increases Hb affinity for oxygen with decreasing value
What is pH
400
What ratios of pleural fluid protein to serum protein and pleural fluid LDH to serum LDH are needed to diagnose an exudative effusion
What is >.5 and >.6 respectively
-important because exudative effusions must be drained to prevent infection
400
Why is salmeterol longer acting than albuterol?
Salmeterol is more fat soluble, so more is able to accumulate in smooth musc cells. Also, fat solubility->inc volume of distribution->inc SE (tremor, tachycardia)
400
Pt has pneumonia and is only mildly symptomatic. Chest x-ray shows diffuse patchy inflammation. Later, it was found out that the microbe causing his pneumonia was found in his air conditioner. What is the microbe and treatment?
What is legionella and Macrolide
500
2 effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory epithelium
What are squamous metaplasia, hypertrophy of mucus-secreting cells, disruption of ciliary mobility......
500
In which vessel is the plasma [Cl] highest?
What is arteries/pul veins
500
Pt comes in for evaluation of shortness of breath. His past medical history is remarkable for male infertility due to impaired sperm tail function. What condition is causing his shortness of breath?
What is Bronchiectasis
-Pt has kartageners syndrome
-caused by dynein arm defect->impairs cilia function->chronic infection of airway->bronchiectasis
500
Receptor target of Ipratropium (Yes, you need to include the number)
What is M3
-M1=brain and enteric nervous system
-M2=heart
-M3=everywhere else
500
Most common bacterial causes of pneumonia in; Neonates, infants-young adults (1 month-40 years), and 40+ adults.
What are Group B strep & E.coli, Mycoplasma, and Strep pneu respectively