What is cancer? What is one method to fight cancer?
Cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division. Cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor.
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy
100
What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
Replicate cells.
100
What are considered to be the units of inheritance?
Genes
100
What are gametes? How many copies of each chromosome do they have?
Gametes are specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome. They are haploid cells.
Sperm are male gametes.
Eggs are female gametes.
100
What are stem cells?
Immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. They can be used to build new organs.
200
Name two reasons cells divide.
Growth
Development
Cell Replacement
Heal Wounds
200
What is apoptosis and when does it occur?
When a normal cell has irreparable damage, it undergoes apoptosis, or programmed cell death to prevent cells from producing more damaged daughter cells.
200
What is a mutation?
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which creates alternative alleles of a gene.
200
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles, for example, Aa.
Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles, for example, AA or aa.
200
What is the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role?
Cell differentiation
300
List all the stages of mitosis in the order that they occur.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
300
What are sister chromatids?
Duplicated chromosomes that are physically attached at the centromere.
300
How many copies of chromosomes do diploid organisms have in their cells? What are these chromosomes called?
Two
Homologous Chromosomes
300
How many cell divisions occur in meiosis?
Two
300
What type of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body?
Totipotent
400
During which stage does cytokinesis occur? What is cytokinesis?
Telophase. Divides the cytoplasm.
400
Describe what happens during metaphase, anaphase, and telophase?
Metaphase: chromosomes align on middle of cell
Anaphase: spindle fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: cytokinesis; a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form the daughter cell nuclei.
400
How many different alleles can a person carry of the same gene?
Two
400
How does mitosis differ from meiosis?
Meiosis: two cell divisions; involves haploid cells; creates four daughter cells
Mitosis: one cell division; involves diploid cells; creates identical cells
400
What type of stem cells are located in tissues that help maintain and regenerate those tissues?
Adult stem cells or somatic stem cells.
500
What are the three stages of interphase and what occurs during each stage ?
G1: cell grows and prepares to divide DNA and organelles
S: DNA replication; chromosomes are duplicated
G2: cell prepares for division
500
What occurs during interphase and prophase of cell division?
Interphase: Chromosomes are loosely gathered in nucleus; sister chromatids formed.
Prophase: Replicated chromosomes begin to coil up, the nuclear membrane begins to disassemble, and the protein fibers of the mitotic spindle begin to form.
500
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
A person’s phenotype includes the visible or measurable features of an individual.
A person’s genotype is the particular genetic makeup of an individual.
500
No two gametes produced by the same parent are identical due to what two major events during meiosis?
Recombination and independent assortment
500
Cells are organized into ______, which are organized into _________, which are organized into _________.