Types of Ethics
Register
Create a Bookshelf ID or sign in.
Terms
Terms
More
Who wrote
100
We are concerned with what we ought to do, what consequences ought to be achieved, and what sort of persons we ought to become
What is Ethics
100
Refers to any ethical theory that judges the moral rightness or wrongness of an act according to the desirability or undesirability of the action’s consequences.
What is Consequentialism
100
A rule that tells us only what means to use to achieve a desired end
What is hypothetical imperative
100
According to Jeremy Bentham, we are governed by two sovereign masters, which are
What is pain and pleasure
100
Who wrote:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
Who is JEREMY BENTHAM
200
The position that there are no objective or universally valid moral principles, because all moral judgments are simply a matter of human opinion
What is ethical relativism
200
From the Greek word deon, meaning duty) judges the moral rightness or wrongness of an act in terms of the intrinsic moral value of the act itself
What is Deontological ethics
200
A duty that we are morally obligated to perform in a particular situation after we have taken all the circumstances into account
What is actual duty
200
The text explained that __________ morality refers to the study of various cultures’ moral beliefs and practices and __________ ethics refers to the philosophical task of discerning which moral principles are rationally defensible
What is descriptive / normative
200
He also published The Subjection of Women in 1869, in which he argued for the political empowerment of women on utilitarian grounds
Who is JOHN STUART MILL
300
The doctrine that what is right or wrong is solely a matter of each individual’s personal opinion
What is subjective ethical relativism
300
The property that something has if it is good or desirable in itself
What is intrinsic value
300
A trait of character that is to be admired and desired because it is a constituent of human excellence
What is virtue
300
The utilitarian ethics of Bentham and Mill is a version of
What is consequentialism.
300
He wrote Comparing Harms: Headaches and Human Lives
Who is ALASTAIR NORCROSS
400
The view that there are universal and objectively valid moral principles that are relative neither to the individual nor to society
What is ethical objectivism
400
Desirability of something in terms of other ends it achieves
What is instrumental value
400
Refers to the search for women’s unique voice and, most often, the advocacy of an ethics of care that includes nurturance, care, compassion, and networks of communication.
What is Feminine” at present refers to the search for women’s unique voice and, most often, the advocacy of an ethics of care that includes nurturance, care, compassion, and networks of communication. “Feminist” refers to those theorists, whether liberal or radical or other orientation, who argue against patriarchal domination, for equal rights, a just and fair distribution of scarce resources, etc.84
Stating the distinction in slightly different terms, philosopher Susan Sherwin asserts that a feminine approach to ethics “consists of observations of how the traditional approaches to ethics fail to fit the moral expressions and intuitions of women,” whereas a feminist approach to ethics “applies a specifically political perspective and offers suggestions for how ethics must be revised if it is to get at the patterns of dominance and oppression as they affect women.”85 However, while acknowledging the accuracy of this distinction, Tong finds these labels to be misleading because they imply that only the latter group of philosophers are genuinely feminist. Instead, she refers to the two approaches to ethics as “care-focused feminist ethics” and “power-focused feminist ethics.”86 Using Tong’s labels, let’s examine each approach in turn.
CAROL GILLIGAN
(1936– )
Care-Focused Feminist Ethics
One of the foundational works in feminist ethics, particularly of the care-based variety, was In a Different Voice, published in 1982 by Harvard psychologist Carol Gilligan. (Her theories were briefly discussed in section 2.7, “Rethinking the Western Tradition: Feminist Epistemology.”) Gilligan responded to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, one of the leading researchers in the area of moral development. Kohlberg traced six stages that people go 530531through in their moral development, starting as little children. These six stages are (1) the “carrot and stick” orientation, in which children are motivated by reward and punishment; (2) the “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” orientation, in which children do what satisfies their own needs and occasionally the needs of others; (3) the “good-boy/nice-girl” orientation, in which immature adolescents conform to society’s standards to receive others’ approval; (4) the “law and order” orientation, in which mature adolescents do their duty to show respect for authority and to maintain the given social order; (5) the “social contract/legalistic” orientation, in which people follow institutionalized rules that are perceived as rational, and they are concerned with the general good; and (6) the “universal ethical principles” orientation, a Kantian perspective in which self-imposed, internalized, universal principles such as justice, reciprocity, and respect for persons inform people’s personal conscience.
Page
Go to the specified printed page number
Activate the following button to retrieve the URL to cite or link to this pageCite/Link
Cancel
Add Note...
Untitled Highlighter 7
Untitled Highlighter 3
Untitled Highlighter 4
Untitled Highlighter 5
Untitled Highlighter 6
Save
Copy
The citation provided is a guideline, please check each citation for accuracy before use.
{{ h.partial('mla-cite-link-title-author-edition-template') }}
{{ h.partial('apa-cite-link-title-author-edition-template') }} Retrieved from {{ h.partial('cite-link-url-template') }}
{% var editionString = h.editionStringMLA(edition); %}
{% if (mla_author_name && jQuery.trim(mla_author_name) !== '') print(mla_author_name + '.') %} {{- title }}.{% if(editionString) print(' ' + editionString + '. ') %}{% if(publisher) print(' ' + publisher + ', ') %}{% if(copyright_date.length) print(" " + copyright_date + '. VitalBook file. ') %}{{- site_name}}.
{% var editionString = h.editionStringAPA(edition); %}
{{- apa_names }} {% if(copyright_date.length) print('(' + copyright_date + ').') %} {{- title }} [VitalSouce bookshelf version].
{{- h.universalURL(universal, {isbn: Frameless.currentISBN, chapter_outline: chapter_outline, page_number: page_number}) }}
{{ h.partial('markers-friends-template') }}
{{- marker.label || 'Untitled' }}
delete
{% _.each(subscriptions, function(subs, name){ %}
{% }); %}
{{- name || 'Untitled' }}
X
{{- friend.full_name }}:
{{- friend.email }}
Delete
![]()
{% if(figure.page_number){ %}Page {{ figure.page_number }}{% } %}
{{- figure.title || '' }}
{% if(shared){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-subscribed-hightlight-template', {sub: hi}) }}
{% }else{ %}
{{ h.partial('marker-list-template', {markers:markers, currentGuid:hi.markerId})}}
{% } %}
{% if(hi.hasNote){ %}
{% if(sub.highlights.length > 0){ %}
{% var sortedMarkers = _.sortBy(markers, function(m){ return new Date(m.created_at); }) %}
{{ h.partial('marker-list-template', {currentGuid: highlight.markerId, markers:sortedMarkers}) }}
{% } %}
{% if(result.printed){ %}Page {{ result.printed }}{% } %}
{{ h.highlightSearch(result, 50) }}
{{ h.partial('register-sidebar-template') }}
- "+elsit+" ");
});
}
function submitRegisterModal(){
var userData = {};
errorData = [];
registerModalFieldExists("email");
registerModalFieldExists("first_name");
registerModalFieldExists("last_name");
registerModalFieldExists("password");
registerModalFieldExists("password_confirmation");
registerModalFieldExists("question_response");
if ($("#user_password").val()!=$("#user_password_confirmation").val()){
errorData.push({field: 'password_confirmation', message: "Passwords must match"});
}
if (errorData.length>0){ processRegisterModalErrors(); return false; }
$("#new_user").find('input').each(function(){
if ($(this).attr("name")){
userData[$(this).attr("name").match(/user\[(.*)\]/)[1]] = $(this).val();
}
});
$.ajax({
url: '/user/update',
type: 'POST',
dataType: 'json',
data: { user: userData }
}).done(function(data){
if (data=="success"){
Modal.close();
$("div#news").hide(); // Hide reconfigure menu bar
Frameless.repositionPageDisplayElements(); // Moves things back up
} else {
errorData = data;
processRegisterModalErrors();
}
});
return false;
}
{{ h.partial('open-bookshelf-app-template') }}
{{ h.partial('open-bookshelf-app-template') }}
What is feminine?
Feminine” at present refers to the search for women’s unique voice and, most often, the advocacy of an ethics of care that includes nurturance, care, compassion, and networks of communication. “Feminist” refers to those theorists, whether liberal or radical or other orientation, who argue against patriarchal domination, for equal rights, a just and fair distribution of scarce resources, etc.84
Stating the distinction in slightly different terms, philosopher Susan Sherwin asserts that a feminine approach to ethics “consists of observations of how the traditional approaches to ethics fail to fit the moral expressions and intuitions of women,” whereas a feminist approach to ethics “applies a specifically political perspective and offers suggestions for how ethics must be revised if it is to get at the patterns of dominance and oppression as they affect women.”85 However, while acknowledging the accuracy of this distinction, Tong finds these labels to be misleading because they imply that only the latter group of philosophers are genuinely feminist. Instead, she refers to the two approaches to ethics as “care-focused feminist ethics” and “power-focused feminist ethics.”86 Using Tong’s labels, let’s examine each approach in turn.
CAROL GILLIGAN
(1936– )
Care-Focused Feminist Ethics
One of the foundational works in feminist ethics, particularly of the care-based variety, was In a Different Voice, published in 1982 by Harvard psychologist Carol Gilligan. (Her theories were briefly discussed in section 2.7, “Rethinking the Western Tradition: Feminist Epistemology.”) Gilligan responded to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, one of the leading researchers in the area of moral development. Kohlberg traced six stages that people go 530531through in their moral development, starting as little children. These six stages are (1) the “carrot and stick” orientation, in which children are motivated by reward and punishment; (2) the “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” orientation, in which children do what satisfies their own needs and occasionally the needs of others; (3) the “good-boy/nice-girl” orientation, in which immature adolescents conform to society’s standards to receive others’ approval; (4) the “law and order” orientation, in which mature adolescents do their duty to show respect for authority and to maintain the given social order; (5) the “social contract/legalistic” orientation, in which people follow institutionalized rules that are perceived as rational, and they are concerned with the general good; and (6) the “universal ethical principles” orientation, a Kantian perspective in which self-imposed, internalized, universal principles such as justice, reciprocity, and respect for persons inform people’s personal conscience.
Page
Go to the specified printed page number
Activate the following button to retrieve the URL to cite or link to this pageCite/Link
Cancel
Add Note...
Untitled Highlighter 7
Untitled Highlighter 3
Untitled Highlighter 4
Untitled Highlighter 5
Untitled Highlighter 6
Save
Copy
The citation provided is a guideline, please check each citation for accuracy before use.
{{ h.partial('mla-cite-link-title-author-edition-template') }}
{{ h.partial('apa-cite-link-title-author-edition-template') }} Retrieved from {{ h.partial('cite-link-url-template') }}
{% var editionString = h.editionStringMLA(edition); %}
{% if (mla_author_name && jQuery.trim(mla_author_name) !== '') print(mla_author_name + '.') %} {{- title }}.{% if(editionString) print(' ' + editionString + '. ') %}{% if(publisher) print(' ' + publisher + ', ') %}{% if(copyright_date.length) print(" " + copyright_date + '. VitalBook file. ') %}{{- site_name}}.
{% var editionString = h.editionStringAPA(edition); %}
{{- apa_names }} {% if(copyright_date.length) print('(' + copyright_date + ').') %} {{- title }} [VitalSouce bookshelf version].
{{- h.universalURL(universal, {isbn: Frameless.currentISBN, chapter_outline: chapter_outline, page_number: page_number}) }}
{{ h.partial('markers-friends-template') }}
{{- marker.label || 'Untitled' }}
delete
{% _.each(subscriptions, function(subs, name){ %}
{% }); %}
{{- name || 'Untitled' }}
X
{{- friend.full_name }}:
{{- friend.email }}
Delete
![]()
{% if(figure.page_number){ %}Page {{ figure.page_number }}{% } %}
{{- figure.title || '' }}
Cite this page Citation has been copied to your clipboard.
Link to this page Citation has been copied to your clipboard.
Manage Highlighters
-
{% _.each(markers, function(marker){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-marker-template', {marker: marker}) }}
{% }); %}
Delete Highlighter
Do you want to delete "{{- label }}" and merge its highlights with another highlighter, or delete "{{- label }}" and its highlights permanently?
Delete Highlighter
You are about to permanently delete "{{- label }}" and all its highlights. Are you sure?
Delete Highlighter
Select a highlighter:
-
{% _.each(markers, function(marker, i){ %}
-
{{- marker.label }}
{% }); %}
You are about to merge highlights into "{{- markers[0].label }}" and permanently delete "{{- mergeMarker.label }}". Are you sure?
Delete Highlighter
Are you sure you want to unsubscribe from "{{- name }}"?
Manage Subscriptions
-
{% _.each(subscriptions, function(subs, name){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-subscription-list-template', {sub: subs[0], name: name}) }}
{% }); %}
Highlighters
-
{% _.each(subs, function(marker){ %}
- {{- marker.title }}
{% }); %}
{{- error }}
Friends
{% if(friends.length === 0){ %}
You do not currently have any friends.
{% }else{ %}
-
{% _.each(friends, function(friend){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-marker-friend-template', {friend: friend}) }}
{% }); %}
Remove Friend
You are about to remove {{- friend.full_name }} from your friends list. Are you sure?
{{- error }}
{% if(figures.length === 0){ %}
{% }else{ %}
{{ h.partial('figures-list-template', {search: true}) }}
{% } %}
{% var allGroupedFigures = h.groupBy(figures, 'chapter_title', true); %}
No Results
clear search
{{ h.pluralize(figures.length, (search ? 'Result' : 'figure')) }} in {{ h.pluralize(h.groupLength(allGroupedFigures), 'chapter') }}
{% if(search){ %}clear search{% } %}
{% _.each(allGroupedFigures, function(groupedFigures, chapterTitle){ %}
{{- chapterTitle }}
{{- h.pluralize(groupedFigures.length, 'Figure') }}
{% }); %}
-
{% _.each(groupedFigures, function(figure){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-figure-template', {figure: figure}) }}
{% }); %}
{{ h.partial('figures-list-template', {search: false}) }}
{% if(typeof skipSrc === 'undefined') { skipSrc = false; } %}
Redeem Code
{{ h.partial('highlights-list-template', {search: false}) }}
{% if(highlights.length === 0){ %}
{% if(!search){ %}
You have no notes or highlights for this book. Select text and click the Save button to make a highlight.
{% } %}
{% }else{ %}
{% var sortedMarkers = _.sortBy(markers, function(m){ return new Date(m.created_at); }) %}
{% var allGroupedHighlights = h.groupHighlights(highlights, chapters); %}
{{ h.pluralize(highlights.length, (search ? 'Result' : 'Highlight')) }} in {{ h.pluralize(h.groupLength(allGroupedHighlights), 'Chapter') }}
{% if(search){ %}clear search{% } %}
{% _.each(allGroupedHighlights, function(groupedHighlights, chapterTitle){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-chapter-highlights-template', {chapterId: groupedHighlights[0].chapter_id, chapterTitle: chapterTitle, highlights: groupedHighlights, markers: sortedMarkers}) }}
{% }); %}
{% } %}
{% if(typeof skipSubs === 'undefined' || skipSubs === false){ %}
{% _.each(subscriptions, function(sub){ %}
{% if(sub.highlights.length > 0 || !search){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-subscription-template', {sub: sub} ) }}
{% } %}
{% }); %}
{% } %}
{% if(highlights.length === 0){ %}
{% } %}
{{ h.partial('highlights-list-template', {search: true}) }}
No Results
clear search
{{- (chapterTitle == 'null' || chapterTitle == 'undefined') ? '' : chapterTitle }}
{{ h.pluralize(highlights.length, 'Highlight') }} {{ h.pluralize(h.count(highlights, 'hasNote'), 'Note') }}-
{% shared = (typeof shared === 'undefined') ? false : shared %}
{% highlights = highlights[0].start ? _.sortBy(highlights, function(h){ return h.start; }) : highlights %}
{% _.each(highlights, function(hi){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-highlight-template', {hi: hi, shared: shared} ) }}
{% }); %}
{% if(hi.noteText){ %}{{ hi.noteText }}{% } %}
{{- hi.noteText || 'Add Note' }}
Highlight Text:
{{- h.truncate(hi.selected_text, 200) }}
Delete
Change Highlighter
{{- hi.noteText || '' }}
{% } %}
{{- h.truncate(hi.selected_text, 200) }}
{{- sub.user.full_name }}'s Highlights {% if(search){ %} {% }else{ %} {{ sub.showHighlights ? "On" : "Off"}} {% } %}
{% _.each(h.groupHighlights(sub.highlights, chapters, false), function(groupedHighlights, chapterTitle){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-chapter-highlights-template', {chapterId: groupedHighlights[0].chapter_id, chapterTitle: chapterTitle, highlights: groupedHighlights, shared: true}) }}
{% }); %}
{% }else{ %}
{{- sub.user.full_name }} has no highlights in this book.
{% } %}
close
{{- user_name }}
{% if(hasNote){ %}
{{- noteText }}
{% } %}
-
{% _.each(markers, function(m){ %}
-
{{- m.label }}
{% }); %}
{% var allGroupedResults = h.groupBy(results, 'chapter_id', true) %}
{% if(typeof results !== 'undefined' && results.length > 0){ %}
{% if(results.length === 0){ %}
No Results
{% }else{ %}
{{ results.length }} {{ results.length==1 ? i18n.t('search.result') : i18n.t('search.results') }} {{ i18n.t('search.in') }} {{ h.groupLength(allGroupedResults) }} {{ h.groupLength(allGroupedResults)==1 ? i18n.t('search.chapter') : i18n.t('search.chapters') }}
{% } %}
clear search
{% _.each(allGroupedResults, function(groupedResults, chapterId){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-chapter-result-template', {results: groupedResults, chapterId: chapterId, klass: ''}) }}
{% }); %}
{{- results[0].chapter_title }}
{{ results.length }} {{ results.length==1 ? i18n.t('search.result') : i18n.t('search.results') }}-
{% _.each(results, function(result){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-search-result-template', {result:result}) }}
{% }); %}
{% var allGroupedResults = h.groupBy(results, 'chapter_id') %}
{% var count = 0 %}
{% _.each(allGroupedResults, function(groupedResults, chapterId){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-chapter-result-template', {results: groupedResults, chapterId: chapterId, klass: (count === 0 ? 'first' : '') }) }}
{% count++ %}
{% }); %}
{% _.each(results, function(result, isbn){ %}
{% }); %}
{% _.each(results, function(book, isbn){ %}
{% }); %}
{{ error }}
Your book list has been loaded. Please refresh your browser.
Browser Not Fully Supported
For the best Bookshelf experience, we recommend you upgrade your browser. The following is a list of fullly supported browsers:
- Microsoft IE 9, 10
- Firefox 24, 25
- Safari 6, 7
- Chrome 30, 31
{{ h.partial('register-sidebar-template') }}
var errorData;
function registerModalFieldExists(field){
if ($("#user_"+field).val().trim().length==0){
errorData.push({field: field, message: "cannot be blank"});
}
}
function processRegisterModalErrors(){
var errorList = [];
var blank = false;
$("#new_user").find('input').each(function(){
if ($(this).attr("name")){
$(this).css("border-color","");
}
});
errorData.forEach(function(error){
$('#user_'+error.field.replace(/-/g,'_')).css("border-color","red");
if (error.message.indexOf("be blank")!==-1){
if (!blank){
blank = true;
errorList.push("Highlighted fields cannot be blank.");
}
} else {
errorList.push(error.message);
}
});
$("#register-modal-errors").html("");
errorList.forEach(function(elsit){
$("#register-modal-errors").append("Sign In
Sign in with your Bookshelf ID, or create an account.
{{ h.partial('continue-without-registering-template') }}Bookshelf Online is not fully supported on this device
We suggest using the VitalSource Bookshelf app for the best experience.
{% if( device == 'ios' || (device == null && h.isiOS() )){ %} {{ h.partial('download-ios-template') }} {% } else { %} {{ h.partial('download-android-template') }} {% } %}Cite this page Citation has been copied to your clipboard.
Link to this page Citation has been copied to your clipboard.
Manage Highlighters
-
{% _.each(markers, function(marker){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-marker-template', {marker: marker}) }}
{% }); %}
Delete Highlighter
Do you want to delete "{{- label }}" and merge its highlights with another highlighter, or delete "{{- label }}" and its highlights permanently?
Delete Highlighter
You are about to permanently delete "{{- label }}" and all its highlights. Are you sure?
Delete Highlighter
Select a highlighter:
-
{% _.each(markers, function(marker, i){ %}
-
{{- marker.label }}
{% }); %}
You are about to merge highlights into "{{- markers[0].label }}" and permanently delete "{{- mergeMarker.label }}". Are you sure?
Delete Highlighter
Are you sure you want to unsubscribe from "{{- name }}"?
Manage Subscriptions
-
{% _.each(subscriptions, function(subs, name){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-subscription-list-template', {sub: subs[0], name: name}) }}
{% }); %}
Highlighters
-
{% _.each(subs, function(marker){ %}
- {{- marker.title }}
{% }); %}
{{- error }}
Friends
{% if(friends.length === 0){ %}
You do not currently have any friends.
{% }else{ %}
-
{% _.each(friends, function(friend){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-marker-friend-template', {friend: friend}) }}
{% }); %}
Remove Friend
You are about to remove {{- friend.full_name }} from your friends list. Are you sure?
{{- error }}
{% if(figures.length === 0){ %}
{% }else{ %}
{{ h.partial('figures-list-template', {search: true}) }}
{% } %}
{% var allGroupedFigures = h.groupBy(figures, 'chapter_title', true); %}
No Results
clear search
{{ h.pluralize(figures.length, (search ? 'Result' : 'figure')) }} in {{ h.pluralize(h.groupLength(allGroupedFigures), 'chapter') }}
{% if(search){ %}clear search{% } %}
{% _.each(allGroupedFigures, function(groupedFigures, chapterTitle){ %}
{{- chapterTitle }}
{{- h.pluralize(groupedFigures.length, 'Figure') }}
{% }); %}
-
{% _.each(groupedFigures, function(figure){ %}
{{ h.partial('one-figure-template', {figure: figure}) }}
{% }); %}
{{ h.partial('figures-list-template', {search: false}) }}
{% if(typeof skipSrc === 'undefined') { skipSrc = false; } %}
Redeem Code
400
The ancient Greek philosopher who taught virtue ethics was
Who is Aristotle.
400
He said
“two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe … the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.”
Who is KANT
500
The claim that what is really right or wrong is relative to each particular society; also called ethical conventionalism
What is conventional ethical relativism
500
The theory that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is a function of the amount of pleasure or pain it produces
What is ethical hedonism
500
Immanuel Kant said that the only thing in the world that has absolute, unqualified moral value is
What is a good will.
500
The reading by Marilyn Friedman illustrates the position of
What is power-focused feminist ethics
500
Who wrote
Nicomachean Ethics
Who is Aristotle