General Human Anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Skeletal System
Joints
100
Define histology, cytology, and pathology.
Histology: The study of tissue Cytology: The study of cells Pathology: The study of disease
100
What are the male gametes called? In what gonad are they produced? What are the female gametes called? In what gonad are they produced?
Male Gametes: sperm produced in the testes Female Gametes: oocytes produced in the ovaries
100
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
100
What is a tendon and ligament? And what type of tissue are each of them?
Tendon: attaches muscle to bone Ligament: attaches bone to bone Both are dense regular connective tissue
100
What is an articulation?
A joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.
200
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy: The study of the structures of the human body Physiology: The study of the functions of the structures of the human body
200
What is the term for all of the cells of the body which are not gametes?
Somatic Cells
200
Where would you find psuedostratified and transitional epithelium?
Pseudostratified: Respiratory Mucosa Transitional: Urinary System
200
What is a Diarthrosis joint?
Specialized to allow a wide variety of movement also called synovial joints
300
What are the four membranes and what do they line?
Mucous: Lines passages Serous: Lines cavities Synovial: Lines joints Cutaneous: Skin, largest
300
What is Pinocytosis?
The transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings (invagination) by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the interior of the cytoplasm.
300
What is the difference between a chondroblast and chondrocyte? What is a lacuna?
Chondroblasts: lay down matrix of cartilage Chondrocytes: are the matured chondroblasts that are embedded in the lacuna
300
What is endochondral growth?
Process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage. Begins in fetal development and is continuos until about a person's 20s.
300
In general, what are the three types of joints?
Bony Joints (synostosis): immobile joint that is formed when two bones are ossified Fibrous Joints (synarthrosis): when adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis): two bones are linked by cartilage
400
What are the definitions of tissues, organ, and organ system?
Tissue: Two or more cells working together for a specific function Organ: Two or more tissues working together for a specific function Organ System: Two or more organs working together for a specific function
400
What are the differences between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Functions of the SER include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; and storage of calcium ions.
400
Where would you find loose areolar and loose reticular connective tissue?
Loose areolar: underlies all epithelial tissue Loose reticular: supports lymphatic organs and adipose tissue
400
What are the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?
Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes. Ossification is the formation of bone by osteoblasts. Osteocytes: matured osteoblasts that lies within a lacuna (a small pit) and communicates with its surroundings through tiny channels called canaliculi. Osteoclasts: responsible for the reabsorption or breakdown of bone.
400
What is a bursa?
A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles, between bone and skin, or wherever a tendon passes over a bone. Helps tendons slide more easily over joints (cushion).
500
What are the four elements that make up 99% of the body?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen
500
Define: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.
Tight Junctions: Proteins that encircles an epithelial cell at its apical surface and joints it tightly to its neighboring cell. Gap Junctions: Directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells. Allows for communication. Desmosomes: Patch that anchors neighboring cells together that prevents cells from pulling apart.
500
What are the three types of cartilage and where are they found?
Elastic: Epiglottis and external ear Hyaline: Articular surfaces, trachea, nose, larynx Fibrocartilage: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, discs of knee
500
Give an example for flat, irregular, short, long, and sesamoid bone shapes.
Flat: scapula and sternum Irregular: sphenoid bone and vertebra Short: capitate and talus Long: radius and ulna Sesamoid: knee cap
500
The Tibiofibular joint is an example of what type of joint?
Syndesmosis: slightly moveable joint held together by ligaments or membranes TABLE 9.1
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