Gerunds & Participles
Dependent Clauses
Infinitives
Commas
Elements of Persuasion
100
What is a gerund? What does it end with? Use complete sentences in your answer.
A gerund is a verb acting as a noun. It always ends in -ing.
100
CHOOSE ONE: 1) List three AAAWWUUBBIS words. What kind of clause do they begin? 2) List three words that could begin an adjective clause.
1) After, As, Although, When, While, Unless, Until, Before, Because, If, Since. These begin ADVERB clauses. 2) That, which, who, whom, whose, where
100
Identify the infinitives in the following excerpt from Sherlock Holmes: "In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backwards. That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practise it much. In the every-day affairs of life it is more useful to reason forwards, and so the other comes to be neglected.
to be able, to reason, to reason, to be neglected.
100
Where does the comma need to go in the following sentence: "When Macbeth perceived the witches he immediately decided to speak to them." WHY?
When Macbeth perceived the witches, he immediately decided to speak to them.
100
Ethos is an element of persuasion which relies on an appeal to authority. What are the other two elements of persuasion called?
Pathos & Logos.
200
Identify the participles or gerunds in the following sentence: "Dwarves are not heroes, but a calculating folk with a great idea of the value of money. They enjoy digging for gold."
'Calculating' is a participle. 'Digging' is a gerund.
200
Are there any dependent clauses in this sentence? If so, what are they? “You have nice manners for a thief and a liar," said the dragon as it looked around the room.
<“You have nice manners for a thief and a liar,"> said the dragon [as it looked around the room.]
200
What three parts of speech can an infinite act as?
An infinitive can act as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
200
Participial phrases can count as introductory phrases and have the same rules. Where should the comma go in the following sentence: Sickened at heart Brutus stumbled away from Caesar's body.
Sickened at heart, Brutus stumbled away from Caesar's body.
200
What kind of persuasion is the following ad? : "Open happiness!"
This is Pathos, because it appeals to the emotions.
300
Are there any participles in the following sentence? If so, what are they? “He opened his eyes, and into them came the unbridled anger of a kidnapped king” (London 9).
'Unbridled' is a participle. 'Kidnapped' is also a participle.
300
Diagram the following sentence: “I thought I died when Jimmie died”.
See the board.
300
Are the infinitives in the following sentence acting as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs? The Scarlet Pimpernel needed to sneak past the French guards if he wanted to save the people from the guillotine.
to sneak - noun to save - noun Both are acting as direct objects.
300
Participial phrases can count as introductory phrases and have the same rules. Add commas AS NEEDED to the following sentence: Hiding in Sherwood forest was a famous outlaw.
There should NOT be any commas added, since the word after the participial phrase is a verb.
300
What kind of persuasion is this? : "My name is Robert Wagner and I approve this message!"
This is ethos.
400
Identify the gerund and participles in the following sentences (Hint; there are three): "Bilbo was looking for a way to free the dwarves. One day, nosing and wandering about, [he] discovered a very interesting thing.”
'Nosing' and 'Wandering' are both participles. 'Interesting' is also a participle.
400
Identify the dependent clauses in the following sentence: Bilbo fought the real battle in the tunnel alone, before he ever saw the vast danger that lay in wait.
[Bilbo] fought the real battle in the tunnel alone, [before he ever saw the vast danger {that lay in wait.}]
400
What job (noun, adjective, or adverb) is the infinitive performing in the following sentence: I sat down to complete my homework before dinner.
To complete is acting as an adverb, answering the question 'why'.
400
Add commas AS NEEDED: Faramir ruling the city as Steward listened to the advice coming from his king.
Faramir, ruling the city as Steward, listened to the advice coming from his king.
400
Is Holmes describing inductive or deductive reasoning? "We approached the case, you remember, with an absolutely blank mind, which is always an advantage. We had formed no theories. We were simply there to observe and to draw inferences from our observations." What kind of persuasion might make use of inductive or deductive reasoning?
This is inductive, because you don't start with a basic idea; you make inferences from your observations. Logos could use either type of reasoning.
500
Diagram the following sentence: “They went together above the tumult and the burning with Bilbo swinging in the air with his arms nearly breaking."
See board
500
Diagram the following sentence: “You have nice manners for a thief and a liar," said the dragon as it looked around the room.
See board.
500
Make up a sentence that uses an infinitive as an adjective.
I am looking for someone to eat this pizza.
500
Participles have very similar comma rules to adjective clauses. That being said, where should the commas go in the following sentence? : "One day nosing and wandering about Bilbo discovered a very interesting thing.”
"One day, nosing and wandering about, Bilbo discovered a very interesting thing.”
500
Pretend you are trying to sell copies of "Miracle Worker." Give one sentence using ethos to sell the product, one sentence using pathos, and one sentence using logos.
Ethos: Ms. McGuire says that this book is amazing. Pathos: Read this book, and you will be happy for the rest of your life. Logos: Intelligent people enjoy this book. You are intelligent. Therefore, you will enjoy this book.
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