There was no depression in Africa and some Asian countries.
The rise of depression is in proportion to rise of westernization.
Argue→Depression in non-modernized settings tends to be expressed differently and may escape the attention of a person from another culture.
100
Symptomology
Identifying the symptoms that occur in depression.
100
How can depression be treated?
Treatments for depression include drugs and different types of therapy.
100
People who suffer from depression have ........ beliefs.
People who suffer from depression have irrational beliefs.
100
Who is more likely to suffer from depression? Men or Women?
Women
200
Kleinman (1982)
In China, there are more physical symptoms than cognitive
200
Etiology
Why people suffer the symptoms of depression.
200
Name three factors that depression is linked to (BLOA)
Becoming depressed is related to factors, which can include genetic predisposition, personality and early history, cognitive style, coping skills, and the level of social support available.
200
What do cognitive biases include?
Cognitive biases include extreme self-criticism and pessimism.
200
CHALLENGE QUESTION OF THE DAY!
NAME THE PRINCIPLES OF SCLOA
1. Social and cultural environment influences behaviour.
2. Humans are social animals with the need to belong.
3. We have a social and individual self
300
Catecholamine Hypothesis (Schildkraut 1965)
The catecholamine hypothesis was suggested by Joseph Schildkruat in 1965. According to this theory, depression is associated with low levels of noradrenaline. The theory was further developed into “the serotonin hypothesis” – the idea that serotonin is the neurotransmitter responsible.
300
What is Depression?
Depression is when a person has very low moods and low levels of self-esteem.
They lack motivation, and think everything is black and people suffering from the disease tend to think that they will never be happy again.
300
How can depression develop biologically?
Some cases of Depression might be of a biological origin other factors maybe triggered by adverse (define) or environmental changes in the level of certain neurotransmitters and hormones can precipitate a depressive episode.
300
What did Ellis (1962) say?
False conclusions result in feelings of anger, anxiety, or depression.
300
What is the diathesis-stress model interactionist?
Depression may be the result of hereditary predisposition, with precipitating events in the environment
400
Nurnberger and Gershon (1982)
Aim: Genetic factors might predisposition can partly explain depression
Method: Reviewed the results of seven twins a
Results: Found that the concordance rate for major depressive disorder was higher for MZ twins than for DZ twins.
Conclusion: This study indicates that depression may be the result of a genetic predisposition- called genetic vulnerability.
400
CHALLENGE QUESTION OF THE DAY!
NAME THE PRINCIPLES OF BLOA
Emotions and behaviours are products of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous and endocrine systems
Animal research may inform our understanding of human behaviour
Patterns of behaviour can be inherited; behaviour is innate because it is genetically based
400
How can depression develop externally (events)?
Clinical depression can be triggered by negative events that may have occurred in a person’s life, such as divorce, the death of a partner or a child, a serious accident or being fired from work.
400
What do cognitive theories indicate?
Cognitive theories of depression indicate that depressed cognitions, cognitive distortions, and irrational beliefs produce depressed.
400
What did the cross-culture researchers conclude?
These cross-cultural researches show there is a virtually identical core of symptoms present in depression in many different cultures.
500
Beck (1976)
Depression is based on cognitive distortions and biases in information processing.
This is based on schema processing.
In this situation, schemas interfere with information processing.
Beck developed this theory by observing depressive patients.
Beck stated that these patients showed a negative cognitive triad.
Beck concluded that negative cognitive schemas are caused by stressful events.
500
What is the difference between prevalence rate(What is it for depression) and lifetime prevalence rate? What is onset age?
Prevalence Rate:- this is the measure of the total number of cases of the disorder in a given population. 15% of people
Lifetime prevalence:- the percentage of the population that will experience the disorder at sometime in their life.
Onset age:- the average age at which the disorder is likely to appear.
500
What is 'Cortisol Hypothesis'?
Cortisol is a major hormone in the stress system and it has been obvious to clinicians that stress can predispose an individual to psychological as well as physical disorders.
Patients with major depressive disorder have high levels of the hormone indicates a link between long-term stress and depression.
Patients with major depressive disorder have high levels of the hormone cortisol. This is mostly present usually when a person is stressed.
500
What is the unclear question reguarding depressive thinking?
Overall, It is not clear if depression is caused by depressive thinking or if the thinking is a consequence of having depression.
500
What are the gender considerations? SPECIFIC!!
Statistical evidence → women are two to three times more likely to become clinically depressed than men (Williams and Hargreaves 1995)
Likely to experience several episodes of depression → because naturally emotional then men