He nailed his manifesto against abuses within the Catholic Church on the door of a cathedral.
Who was Martin Luther?
100
The Bishop of Rome.
Who is the Pope?
100
Legends about this continent, such as the mythical king "Prestor John," played a key role in spurring European exploration during the 15th century.
What was Africa?
100
The publication of the Anglican "Book of Common Prayer" was one example of this centralizing force during the 16th century.
What was a monarch's control of religion?
100
This crop became the most lucrative export from America back to Europe and would accelerate black, plantation slavery.
What was sugar?
200
Henry VIII of England did not quarrel so much with the Pope as he did this occupier of Vatican City in 1527.
Who was Charles V?
200
This order, born roughly the time of the Reformation, became the shock troops of the Catholic, "Counter" Reformation.
What was the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits?
200
Attempting to get around this foe, rapidly expanding in the Eastern Mediterranean, drove Europeans to directly tap into the Indian Ocean networks.
What was the Ottoman Empire?
200
Expelling the adherents to this old European faith tradition, one force of Spanish centralisation, would lead to a flourishing of the economies and intellectual traditions of the nations who received them, especially the Netherlands.
Who were the Jews?
200
Mined out of huge veins found in places such as Mexico and Peru, this would commodity would drive the so-called "Price Revolution" first in Spain and eventually throughout Western Europe.
What was bullion?
300
A "Protestant wind" swept this 1588 Spanish invasion into the rocky shoals of the Irish west coast.
What was the Spanish Armada?
300
This 18 year conference in Rome reaffirmed the central role of Church doctrine concerning Scripture and Catholic tradition.
What was the Council of Trent?
300
This "Italian" city-state would grow to dominate trade in the Mediterranean, rising to glory on the back of trade with Crusader states.
What was Venice?
300
The Catholic "trials" held in Spain to ensure conformity to Church doctrine.
What was the Inquisition?
300
This sea-faring nation, born from a struggle against the Spanish, would claim dominance in the Eastern trade from the Portuguese in the 17th century.
What was the Netherlands?
400
The earliest territories to embrace Protestant thought were in this polity.
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
400
Henri IV was the most famous of these "moderates" who sought compromise and political stability through tolerance and religious plurality.
Who were the "politiques"?
400
This Portuguese monarch played a critical role in supporting exploration and his "New Monarchy" focused state resources on new technologies to enable it.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
400
Perhaps the most important bureaucracy created by the newly centralized monarchical state, which enabled technologically advanced militaries and navies.
What was taxation?
400
The hub of the newly globalized economy, this empire would take in much of the silver mined from America and would import African slaves.
What was China?
500
This Swiss admirer of Erasmus flatly refused to follow Catholic liturgy and instead read from the Dutchman's translation of the Christian Testament.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
500
This great Emperor and champion of a united, Catholic Christendom was obligated to make peace in 1555 with Protestant princes at Augsburg.
Who was Charles V?
500
This was the most devastating factor of European "contact" with the indigenous Amerindian nations.
What was disease?
500
Arguably the most important region of Europe at the time of the Renaissance, it was not a unified whole and would be eclipsed by the New Monarchies.
What was Italy?
500
Common for the time, he never travelled beyond his native France, yet his essay "On Cannibals" would influence European ideas concerning race, especially Shakespeare's "The Tempest."