Child development
Care for disadvantaged kids
Muscles (+ a cheeky nerve question)
Pain
Rashes
100
List the normal upper/lower body segment ratios of individuals at birth, aged 4 years, 9 years and adult
Birth = 1.7:1; 4 years = 1.35:1; 9 years = 1.25:1; Adult = 1.0:1.0
100
How do you measure palpebral fissure length?
Identify the inner (encanthion) and outer corners (excanthion). Have the patient look up. With a clear ruler held horizontally, measure the length of each ex-en interval immediately below the eye.
100
Which lower limb muscle is named after a fish, and what is its main function?
The soleus, because it looks like the "sole" fish. Plantarflexion at ankle joint.
100
Name the 6 main types of pain receptors and their functions
Free nerve endings: pain + temp Merkel discs: light touch Root hair plexuses: light touch Meissner’s corpuscles: light touch hairless skin Ruffini’s corp.: deep pressure + stretch Pacinian: visceral
100
Describe the difference between pete etc
<5mm 5-10mm >10mm
200
What are the terms for the female secondary sexual characteristics of hair development, breast development and age of first period?
Adrenarche = Hair development Thelarche = Breast development Menarche = Age of first period
200
Why is kinship care the preferred course of action for a child in need?
Kin selection theory: those who invest time and energy into genetic kin will pass more genes on to future generations than those who invest in non-relatives.
200
Sam is playing soccer with some kids from his class. Which muscles control his knee extension as he kicks a goal?
Quadriceps (esp. rectus femoris)
200
Define allodynia
Pain in response to a stimulus normally innocuous, e.g. stroking sunburnt skin
200
What are Nagayama spots and what disease are they indicative of?
Enanthem of red papules on the soft palate; sixth disease
300
How many children were in care in Australia in 2016, and what percentage of them were Indigenous?
46 000 and 35%
300
What impact does the postnatal testosterone fall in fathers have in promoting good parenting?
It doesn't modulate paternal care directly, but instead reduces the male mating effort as well as aggressive tendencies.
300
Sam's teacher asks him a question in class, but he wasn't paying attention so just shrugs. What muscles were responsible for this action?
Trapezius and levator scapulae
300
Name 3 adverse effects of opioid use
Cardiovascular - bradycardia, postural hypotension, vasodilation Dermatological – sweating, flushing, urticaria and pruritis Neurological – confusion, dizziness Constipation Ophthalmological miosis
300
Describe circumoral pallor and the disease it most commonly presents with.
White area around mouth; scarlet fever
400
Explain what is meant by "theory of mind" in your own words.
The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires etc. to oneself and others, and to understand that others have a different perspective from one's own.
400
What percentage of communication is words, tone and body language, respectively?
Words (10-20%) Tone of Speech (10-20%) Non-verbal & Body Language(60-80%)
400
While Sam is at school, his grandma has a hardcore knitting sesh. After several hours, her right thumb, index and middle fingers tingle. What nerve is being compressed, and against what ligament?
The median nerve against the transverse carpal ligament.
400
Sam falls off his skateboard and grazes his knee badly. Is he feeling neuropathic or nociceptive pain, and what drug class would you recommend?
Nociceptive, would recommend non-opioid e.g. paracetamol, NSAID
400
A child from Sam's class presents to the GP with a pink purpuric maculopapular rash concentrated on her lower extremities. She had an upper respiratory tract two weeks ago. What is she suffering from?
Henoch-Scholein purpura
500
HEAD TO HEAD: you and the person to your left list as many gross and fine motor skills as you can in 30 seconds
Gross: Head Control, Sitting, Crawling, Pulls to Stand, Walks, Climbs Stairs, Rides a bike, jumps, hops Fine:Eye movements, Swallowing solids and liquids, Articulation, Pincer grasp of small objects, Cutting and Pasting, Threading beads, Colouring In, Handwriting
500
What do you look for when diagnosing a child with FASD?
Facial Features: Short Palpebral Fissure, Thin upper lip, Flattened Philtrum Poor Growth: < 10 th Centile CNS Changes evidenced by learning difficulties, seizures, memory and processing problems
500
While she knits, Sam's grandma enjoys some powdered tobacco, which she keeps in her anatomical snuff box. What are its medial, lateral and proximal borders?
Medial: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus. Lateral: Tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. Proximal border: Styloid process of the radius
500
Sam's grandma is diabetic, and often suffers discomfort and pins and needles in her feet. Is this neuropathic or nociceptive pain, and what drug class would you recommend?
Neuropathic; TCAs
500
What risks does parvovirus pose to pregnant women?
Risk of transplacental infection: 30 % First trimester: fetal loss in 8-10% infected pregnant mothers Second trimester: riskiest trimester (can lead to hydrops foetalis or Intrauterine foetal death)
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