Language
Child Language Disorders
Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism
Phonological Disorders
Audiology and Hearing
100
Recognition of the syllabic structures in a language has been found: a. To be the same in different languages b. To be the most important factor in speech sound acquisition c. To change as the child develops knowledge of the language d. Not to appear sometimes during the first year of life
C. As found in recognition experiments, expectations about the structure of syllables change as the child develops language. In English, a syllable is a defined unit that consists of a vowel and may have consonants that combine with the vowel in phonologically permissible patterns. Syllables may be different in different languages and do not appear during the first years of life. The syllable is not the most important factor in speech sound acquisition.
100
Children with specific language impairment typically exhibit deficits in: a. Understanding word meanings b. Understanding short sentences c. Producing sentences with appropriate morphological endings and syntax d. Demonstrating adequate nonverbal cognitive abilities e. Managing the motor aspects of written language
What is C. Children with specific language impairment most often exhibit difficulty with producing well-formed sentences that include appropriate morphological endings and syntactical structures.
100
The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine-motor movement.
What is the cerebellum.
100
The phonological process of stopping would affect a child's pronunciation of which of the following words? a. Cat b. Dome c. Phone d. Bee e. Tan
What is C. Phone Stopping is the phonological process in which fricatives and affricates become stops, typically at the same place of articulation. The words cat, dome, bee, and tan do not contain fricatives and therefore could not be targets for a fronting process.
100
The primary type of energy transferred through the outer ear is: a. acoustical b. mechanical c. hydraulic d. electrical e. electroacoustical
What is A. acoustical
200
What is the first category of words that English-speaking infants typically acquire in their lexicon? a. Possessives b. Nominals c. Verbs d. Locative words e. Function words
What is B. The early lexicons of children consist mainly of nominals. They are categorized into general nominals and specific nominals. The other word categories, such as verbs or action words, are also acquired by the child but after nominals.
200
Of the following problems, which is the best predictor of autism in young children? a. Impairment in receptive language b. impairment in expressive language c. Impairment in joint attention d. Impairment in pretend play e. Impairment in imitation
What is C. Impairment in joint attention Children with autism have difficulty interacting with another about shared actions or objects. Receptive and expressive language are often impaired in children with autism; however, these impairments are common in a range of conditions, and so they are not specifically predictive of autism.
200
Neurons that transmit information away from the brain
What are efferent neurons. Efferent: also known as motor neurons, cause glandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement). Afferent: also known as sensory neurons, carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain.
200
A child demonstrates consistent velar fronting and initial voicing, and consistent final consonant deletion, and inconsistent nasal harmony. How might this child produce the word cat. a. /dæt/ b. /tæt/ c. /kæt/ d. /gæt/ e. all of the above
What is a. /dæt/ In /dæt/ the child has applied velar fronting and initial voicing.
200
The frequency range in which most speech sounds occur is: a. 20-20,000 Hz b. 125 to 8000 Hz c. 500-5000 Hz d. 100-10,000 Hz c. 250-4,000 Hz
What is C. 500-5000
300
What is the definition of a speech act? a. production of an utterance b. paralinguistics of an utterance c. context in which an utterance is produced d. communicative intent of an utterance
d. Communicative intent of an utterance Although the production, paralinguistic, and context of an utterance and the listeners comprehension of the utterance are involved in a speech act, the communicative act of an utterance is the definition of a speech act. It is an intentional message coded by a speaker and presented to a listener.
300
The use of imitation as an intervention strategy for children with language impairment is limited because it: a. is clinician or adult controlled b. is contextualized speech c. relies on semantic knowledge d. lacks a focus on syntactic structure e. fails to account for communicative intent
What is e. fails to account for communicative intent Imitation does not require intentional communication, which is an ultimate goal in language intervention.
300
Which of the following is FALSE? a. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to the comprehension of spoken language b. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasiculus. c. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex d. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpretation of some sensations of touch, pain, and temperature.
What is D. The angular gyrus is in the parietal lobe.
300
Of the following words, which is most likely to undergo week syllable deletion? a. Alive b. Better c. Silly d. Mother e. Doctor
What is A. alive Weak syllable deletion is most likely to occur in words with weak-strong stress patterns.
300
Of the following senses, which does not contribute to maintenance of balance? a. Proprioception b. Vision c. Hearing d. Vestibular function e. All of these sense contribute to balance
What is C. Hearing
400
The Test of Language Development Primary, 4th Edition (TOLD-P:4) has nine subtests for measuring language. Specifically, the TOLD-P:4 is used to assess word meaning and relationships, word structures, and comprehension of sentence structure. Which aspect of language is not assessed with the TOLD-P:4? Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Speech, or Phonology?
What is Pragmatic Language. The TOLD-P:4 does not assess pragmatic language or language use, which involves the rules that govern what people say and how they say it.
400
You are examining a child who produces fluent and well-formed sentences with adequate articulation. His language content, however, is often odd, and he is usually verbose. Comprehension also seems to be overly literal and conversational maintenance is poor. What language subtype would you predict this child is demonstrating? a. Phonological-Syntactic deficit b. Lexical-syntactic deficit c. Semantic-pragmatic deficit d. Phonological programing deficit e. Verbal dyspraxia
What is C. Semantic-pragmatic deficit A child with adequate speech and sentence formation but with more bizarre content, use of echolalia or unanalyzed scripts, and literal language use with poor conversation skills has a semantic-pragmatic deficit.
400
This is the muscle most involved when a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/. a. palatopharyngeus b. sternocleidomastoid c. genioglossus d. styloglossus e. buccinator
What is the.... c. genioglossus Genioglossus forms the bulk of the tongue; is able to retract tongue, draw tongue downward, draw entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press tip against alveolar ridges and teeth.
400
Of the following , which is not a characteristic of the speech of pre-school and young school-age children? a. longer speech sound durations than adults b. faster rate of speech than adults c. greater variability in formant frequencies for vowels than adults d. more variability in fundamental frequency than adults
What is B. faster rate of speech than adults Children's speech is slower and more variable than adults.
400
Of the following nerves which does not course through th internal auditory meatus? a. Facial b. Auditory c. Trigeminal d. Vestibular e. Nervus intermedius of the facial nerve
What is C. Trigeminal
500
According to Brown (1973), young children produce eight prevalent semantic relations. The two-word utterance "more cookie" is which type of prevalent semantic relation? a. Action + object b. Agent + object c. Quantifier d. Recurrence e. Remonstrative + entity
What is d. Recurrence Recurrence is defined as a comment about or request for "an additional instance or amount, the resumption of an event, or the reappearance of a person or object."
500
Early language intervention for infants at risk for language deficits should focus on: a. creating readiness activities in the context of play b. introducing storybook reading c. teaching symbolic play d. training primary caregivers to facilitate language e. consulting with the infant's physician about indications of language impairment
What is D. Early language stimulation is best supported by parents or a child's primary caregivers and those who can foster an infant's language learning experience on a daily basis. Options a, b, and c, are strategies that might be introduced at a later developmental stage; infants might not be responsive to these strategies.
500
Muscles that contribute to veloppharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum: a. tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus b. stylopharyngess, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini c. levator veli palatini, genioglossus, salpingopharyngeus d. palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini e. levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini
What is What is D. palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini Levator veli palatini: primary elevator of the velum Tensor veli palatini: tenses velum, dilates eustachian use Palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum
500
Of the following error patterns, which is more likely to be associated with the speech of English-acquiring children with cleft palate than with the speech of children with phonological disorders? a. velar fronting b. glottal substitution c. initial voicing d. weak syllable deletion e. stopping
What is B. glottal substitution. Substitutions of glottal sounds for sounds with a supra laryngeal constriction is considerably more prevalent among children with cleft palate than among children with phonological disorders who have a typical oral facial structure.
500
Congenital abnormalities of the ear are often accompanied by congenital abnormalities of the _______, inasmuch as both these organs develop embryologically at about the same time. a. Heart b. Lung c. Kidney d. Pancreas e. Skin
What is C. Kidney The development of the kidneys and the ears happen around the same time.
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