People
Science
Motor Disorders
Anatomy
Theories
100
Who focused on epilepsy in his research?
John Hughlings Jackson
100
This part of the motor cortex contains the giant cells named after the Russian histologist Vladimir Alexandrovich Betz.
What is the Primary Motor cortex
100
What is an area of the brain known to be affected by Parkinson’s disease and what is this area of the brain associated with.
Substantia Nigra and dopaminergic cells/dopamine
100
Name the brain area controlling motor function.
Motor cortex.
100
This widely supported idea was developed after observation of lesioned brains, and showed that lesions in the left hemisphere effected motor function on the opposite side of the brain.
contralateralism or contralateral brain
200
Who studied phrenology early in his career and was interested in localizing the cortical movement centers?
Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
200
What type of neuron releases acetylcholine (Ach), which activates muscle fibers, and in turn result in movements?
What is Motoneurons
200
What were individuals with Tourettes Syndrome originally called before the syndrome was named and why?
Jumpers. This is becuse the individuals were observed jumping to obey commands, no matter what they were.
200
According to Flourens and Bouillaud, the cerebral cortex was the seat of _____ and ______.
will and intelligence.
200
Differentiate between the two main motor systems acknowledged by many scientists (hint: Bouillard, Jackson, Hitzig and Fritsch, Ferrier).
"higher" (voluntary) cortical controlled movement and "lower" or ancient (involuntary) controlled by lower centers, cerebellum.
300
Who were the 'codiscovers' of the motor cortex?
Eduard Hitzig and John Hughlings Jackson
300
What is the difference in function between the premotor cortex and primary cortex?
Premotor cortex performs more complex task-related processing
300
Which disease is associated with personality changes? And what kinds of personality changes are observed?
Huntington's disease. Early personality changes are depression, irritability and outbursts of anger. Followed by memory loss and general cognitive impairments.
300
Give an example of what Jackson called the "march" of a seizure over the body.
Convulsion traveling from the hand to the arm to the face.
300
According to Pourfour du Petit, animal spirits followed this track in the brain.
spirits moved from the cortex through the striatum and basal ganglia and across the pyramids.
400
Who introduced the term 'kinaesthetic' in 1880?
Bastian
400
This part of the motor cortex is most likely responsible for the perfect backward somersault by an Olympic gymnast.
What is Supplementary Motor Area
400
What are three of the early symptoms of Huntington's disease?
Restlessness, facial grimacing and finger movements
400
In addition to the cortical centers, Luciani and Tamburini believed this brain area contributed to voluntary movement in animals.
basal ganglia.
400
The muscle sense theory, proposed by Henry Charlton Bastian and intensely debated by David Ferrier and Eduard Hitzig, claimed what?
a considerable amount of sensory information was used by the brain to coordinate motor acts.
500
Who put the medulla in the water, macerated it and gently pulled it apart to show that fibers crossed in the pyramids?
Giovanni Domenico Santorini
500
Lesions in this part of the brain will result in someone not being able to catch a ball, and will often result in over estimation of their movements.
What is Basal ganglia or Cerebellum
500
What is the drug currently used to treat patients with Parkinson's disease, when did this drug become commonly used?
Levodopa. It began being widely used in the 1860s.
500
There are two main areas of the motor cortex, name the corresponding brain areas and differentiate between them.
The primary (Brodmann Area 4) and premotor (Brodmann Area 6). -Area 6: located in front of 4, lacks Betz cells, needs more current to be excited and get response, feeds into area 4
500
Flourens, Magendie, Longet and Budge all had this belief in common.
non excitability of the cortex.
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