Calls for a reticulated view of scientific change versus a revolutionary one
Who is Larry Laudan
100
A theory that is not refutable by any conceivable event is non scientific.
What is falsificationism?
100
Confirmations should count only if they are the result of ___ predictions
What is risky?
100
a set of statements that hang together to explain a phenomenon
What is a theory?
100
A term for a practice which cannot be contradicted?
What is pseudoscience?
200
believes that no physical theory every crumbles merely under the weight of refutations
Who is Duhem?
200
If a great many positive instances of a theory have been observed, while no negative instance have been observed, the the degree of confirmation of the theory is high.
What is justificationism?
200
If certain regularity is observed at all times and all places, without exception, then the regularity is expressed in the form of a "___"
What is a universal law?
200
Proceeding from observation or experiment to theory or inference based on many observations
What is induction?
200
The assumption that those instances of which we have had experience resemble those of which we have had no experience...
What is the problem of induction?
300
Stated "it is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory--if we look for confirmations....Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions..."
Who is Karl Popper?
300
The unit of appraisal is a series of theory-systems, rather than a single theory system or a single theory.
What is the methodology of scientific research programmes?
300
___ ____ is the judge of hypotheses which ought to be abandoned
What is good sense?
Duheme
300
research firmly based upon one or more past sceintific acheivements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying hte foundation for its further practice
What is normal science?
300
the five criteria for theory validation from Kuhn
What are accuracy, simplicity, fruitfulness, consistency, and scope.
400
Stated "Day always follows night, the seasons repeat themselves in the same order, ...the laws of science are nothing more than statements expressing these regularities as precisely as possible."
Who is Rudolf Carnap?
400
Theories are accepted because they are "progressive"
What is the methodology of scientific research programmes?
400
According to Kuhn: A theory should be ____, not only internally or with itself, but also with other currently accepted theories applicable to related aspects of nature.
What is consistent?
400
A regularity that does not change
What is a universal law or law of nature?
400
According to Lakatos: It is this protective belt of _____ hypothesis which form a ____ belt around the core.
What are auxiliary and protective?
500
Believes that theory validation occurs by adjusting the auxiliary hoptheses
Who is Lakatos?
500
Assumes that rival theories share importatn background assumptions in common
What is Laudans theory of scientific change?
500
According to Laudan: Leaving aside the atypical case of simultaneous shifts at all three levels..., it means that most instances of scientific change--including most of hte events we call scientific revolutions--occur amid a significant degree of ____ at a variety of levels among the contending parties.
What is consensus?
500
a change from one way of thinking to another. It's a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis.
Paradigm shift
500
According to Lakatos, this sets out a programme which lists a chain of ever more complicated models simulating reality.