Ebrhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davis (1)
Ebrhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davis (2)
Grab Bag
Forgiveness (1)
Forgiveness (2)
100
In the study where officers were asked to rate how criminal they thought a set of faces were; which faces did the officers identify as more criminal?
black faces, especially ones with stereotypical features
100
What is the main finding of the study conducted by Eberhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davies 2004?
Thinking of crime can trigger thoughts of Black people
100
The strongest predictor of forgiveness of a criminal offender is?
The value placed on the class of warmth-based virtues
100
Is it true that forgiveness is unique to humans?
False; there is reconciliation among many animal species.
100
What are virtues?
They are ideal human traits that when practiced, tend to benefit an individual or social group and to promote happiness or “human flourishing”
200
One of the studies by Ebrhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davis investigates attentional bias among police officers. What did this study find when officers were tested for memory?
police officers were more likely to falsely identify a stereotypically black face as a target face (ie one associated with crime)
200
What were the two stimulus types used in the first study (the one that looked at perceptual threshold)?
• Face stimuli: color photographs of 50 Black or 50 White faces (male and void of any emotion) • Object stimuli: 14 sets of degraded object stimuli, objects either crime relevant or crime irrelevant
200
What was one of the important relationships established overall in the study by Ebrhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davis?
That the associations are bidirectional; that is black people can be stereotyped for both negative and positive qualities.
200
What are warmth-based virtues?
Traits that constitute social mentalities (moral identities) that support social ecologies of warm attachments; involves affective systems that underlie the capacity for emotional commitments to others.
200
What are conscientiousness-based virtues?
Traits that constitute social mentalities that support social ecologies of contractual cooperation. Primarily inhibitory, involving rational mechanisms of self-regulation and self-control.
300
When participants were primed with basketball related words, where they more likely to see a dot were a black face was placed or where a white face was placed? These results are an example of what?
People were quicker to spot dots where blacks faces were previously show; these results are an example of an attentional bias towards black faces
300
What is the hypothesis of Study 2 (the one investigating attentional bias)?
When the dot probe was placed in the location of the Black faces, participants would be faster to detect it when they had been primed with crime than when they had not been primed
300
What is associative network approach?
Social category nodes will more readily activate concept nodes than the reverse based on the strength of the associative link.
300
A preference for warmth-based virtues was associated with what?
A higher frequency of self-reported altruistic behaviors, empathetic concern for others, agreeableness and survivor guilt
300
What is the main difference between restorative justice and retributive justice?
Restorative justice focuses on warmth-based moral identity while retributive justice is more concerned with conscientiousness-based virtues.
400
What role does Bidirectional associations function play on vision?
• In relation to vision, Bidirectional associations functions behaves like a visual tuning device by directing an individual’s eyes, focus, and their interpretation of the stimuli they are confronted with.
400
What where the results of Study 2?
• Participants primed with the crime-relevant images were faster to find the dot than participants who were not primed • Also, ostensibly race-neutral concepts such as crime become racialized, Blacks are thought of as criminals and crime is thought of as Black
400
Do stereotypical associations lead to accurate visual memory, or to distorted memory? Explain.
The stereotypical association leads to distorted memory, as people are more likely to form stereotypically consistent memories
400
Which (three) traits have been associated with the disposition to forgive transgressions?
Empathy, the Big Give personality factor of agreeableness, and (somewhat less consistently) extraversion (which has been linked to the experience of positive emotions).
400
What is decisional forgiveness?
A behavioral intention to control vengeful behaviors.
500
What is Automatic Perceptual Bias?
When under time pressure, the tendency to misidentify a tool as a gun when exposed to black faces verses when exposed to white faces
500
What were the three results of the first study (the one investigating stimuli and their effect on perceptual threshold)?
• Objects presented in the Black face condition were detected at earlier frames than objects presented in either the no-prime condition or the White face condition • Exposure to White primes inhibited the detection of crime-relevant objects compared with the no-prime condition • The no-prime control condition required the same number of frames to detect crime-relevant and irrelevant objects
500
Name three applications for the research by Ebrhardt, Goff, Purdie, and Davis.
• Helps determine the likelihood for a police officer while interacting with a black face to detect a weapon when unable to see clearly • When preventing neighborhood crime, the likelihood of a black face drawing a civilian’s attention • The likelihood of police officers to focus their attention when solving a crime, on African Americans verses White American • Understanding race profiling • The likelihood of a African American possessing a more stereotypical physical appearance being the focus of crimes
500
What does the moral identity theories assume?
It assumes that moral action is often motivated by an individual’s desire to exemplify a self-concept as a moral person
500
What conditions make a person most likely to forgive a transgression?
Receiving both an apology and restitution is better then receiving either separately
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