Sampling Strategies
Issues with Observational Methods
Question Wording Problems
Sampling Solutions
Correlational Research
100
This sampling strategy involve the measurement of the occurrence of a behaviour by selecting specific points in time, and recording whether the behaviour is occurring at that instant.
What is time-point sampling?
100
This refers to the degree to which two or more observers agree in their coding and scoring of behaviours they are observing.
What is interrater reliability?
100
This type of a question wording problem refers to when there is more than one question being asked in a single question; e.g., “Do you think smoking cigarettes is bad for your health and well-being?”
What is a double-barreled question?
100
A chain-referral sampling technique in which one person from a population of interest identifies another person from that population to a researcher; the researcher then contacts that second person. This new individual refers yet another person, for as many stages as desired, by the researcher.
What is snowball sampling?
100
This is an approach to research that involves measuring different variables to see whether there is a predictable relationship among the variables.
What is a correlational study?
200
This sampling strategy involves the measurement of behaviour by noticing whether it has occurred within a specified time interval or intervals.
What is time-interval sampling?
200
In observational methods, this refers to the tendency of participants to act differently from normal in a research study because they know they are being observed.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
200
This type of a question wording problem refers to a controversial or unjustified assumption; e.g., “Do you think persons should be able to smoke cigarettes anywhere they please, regardless of how they affect the health of others?”
What is a loaded question?
200
This is a sampling technique that relies on getting information from people who know about a population of interest, rather than from members of that population, themselves.
What is key informant sampling?
200
This is a correlational study in which the goal is to predict the value of one variable given the level of another variable. The predictor variable often occurs before the criterion variable, rather than simultaneously.
What is a prediction study?
300
Marnie is tired of doing the household’s dishes all of the time. She decided to record the frequency of times that Adam and Hannah made dinner and did not do their dishes immediately afterwards. Because she recorded this pre-selected behaviour each time it occurred, Marnie was utilizing which type of sampling?
What is event sampling?
300
In observational methods, this refers to the tendency of people being observed to act differently than normal, as a result of their awareness of being monitored.
What is subject reactivity?
300
This type of a question wording problem may cause issues in data analysis, as your question’s wording may not address the exact behaviour you are wishing to determine; e.g., “How often do you exercise?”
What is vague wording?
300
This is a sampling technique that relies on finding locations that attract members of the population of interest, and getting information from these people, at such locations.
What is targeted sampling?
300
In a prediction study, the variable that an investigator is using to predict another variable.
What is a predictor variable?
400
This sampling strategy is the measurement of the duration of behaviours as they occur.
What is continuous real-time measurement?
400
This is a threat to internal validity regarding the problem in assessing cause and effect, due to the fact that when two variables are correlated, an outside variable is responsible for any causation.
What is the third variable problem?
400
This type of a question wording problem refers to when people may not know what your terms mean; e.g., “Do you approve of transgenesis in food production?”
What is jargon?
400
This is a sampling technique in which a researcher uses a member of the population of interest to actively recruit others, often with some incentive like money for engaging in this recruiting.
What is respondent-driven sampling?
400
In a prediction study, the variable that an investigator is trying to predict.
What is a criterion variable?
500
Sam was being silly while playing Jeopardy with others in the study group. She asked them to give her a score between 1-10, regarding how silly she was being. This is an example of which type of approach for obtaining systematic observational data?
What is trait rating / a rating scale?
500
This threat to internal validity regarding the problem in assessing cause and effect; in this instance, it is when two variables are correlated and a researcher does not know which of the two variables has a causal effect on the other.
What is the directionality problem?
500
This type of a question wording problem refers to when answer choices are not extensive; e.g., “How many times per week do you drive your car to work?”
What is an appropriate range of response options?
500
This is a set of sampling techniques that relies on people who know about a population, or are members of that population, to gain access to information about the group.
What are chain-referral methods?
500
If you’re trying to figure out whether a) liking your roommates will mean that you’ll spend more time with them, or b) if spending more time with your roommates will mean that you’ll like them more, you’re having an issue with this kind of a problem.
What is the directionality problem?
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