This traditional theory reinforces the change manager as coach image.
What is ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
100
These assume that changes occur when people dispense with their old, normative orientations and gain commitment to new ones.
What is NORMATIVE RE-EDUCATIVE STRATREGIES
100
View of the environment that the outside world is brought into existence through individuals’ perceptions of it.
What is CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEW
100
This may involve adjustments in systems, processes, or structures, but it does not involve fundamental change in strategy, core values, or corporate identity.
What is FIRST-ORDER, INCREMENTAL CHANGE
100
This occurs where incremental changes are made that anticipate changes to the external environment
What is FINE-TUNING
200
Views change as cyclical, processional, journey oriented, based on maintaining equilibrium, observed and followed by involved people, and normal rather than the exception.
What is CONFUCIAN/TAOIST THEORY
200
Based on an image of management as control and of change outcomes as being achievable.
What is DIRECTOR IMAGE
200
These include government mandates in which organizations are forced to change to meet new legal or
other legislative requirements such as those having to do with pollution requirements, tax laws, or affirmative action programs.
What is FORMAL COERCIVE PRESSURES
200
This occurs when an organization moves from an entrepreneurial to a professional management structure
What is TYPE-1 TRANSFORMATION
200
Second-order change that is reactive and involves “frame breaking”; that is, major upheaval where the organization breaks with past practices and directions.
What is RECREATION
300
This assumes that even small changes may have a
large impact on organizations54 and managers are not able to control the outcome of these changes.
What is NURTURING IMAGE
300
These theories of change share an assumption with contingency theory that change unfolds differently over time and according to the context in which the organization finds itself.
What is CONTEXTUALIST OR PROCESSUAL
300
Organizations and human systems of all sorts are complex and evolving and therefore cannot be reduced to a single, linear objective of maximizing shareholder value.
What is ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
300
An anticipatory, discontinuous change, which involves “frame bending”; that is, major modification of the organization but by building on past strengths
and history.
What is REORIENTATION
300
Control is still seen as at the heart of management action,
although a variety of factors external to managers mean that while they may achieve some intended change outcomes, others will occur over which they have little control.
What is NAVIGATOR IMAGE
400
This theory argues that change managers take similar actions across whole populations of organizations.
What is INSTITUTIONAL THEORY
400
These rely upon achieving intentional change by those with greater power gaining compliance in behavior from those with lesser power.
What is POWER-COERCIVE STRATEGIES
400
Which of Kotter’s Four Global Environmental Forces of Change requires more globally connected people and faster communication
and transportation.
What is TECHNOLOGICAL
400
The intentional process of permanently reducing staff numbers in an organization.
What is DOWNSIZING
400
This occurs when organizations are forced to take on activities similar to those of other organizations because of outside demands placed on them to do so.
What is COERCIVE ISOMORPHISM
500
Assumes that organizational change is nonlinear, is fundamental rather than incremental, and does not necessarily entail growth.
What is CHAOS THEORY
500
Theory that views organizations as passing through well-defined stages from birth to growth, maturity, and then decline or death.
What is LIFE-CYCLE THEORY
500
Occurs when organizations imitate the structures and practices of other organizations in their field or industry, usually ones that they consider as legitimate or successful.
What is MIMETIC ISOMORPHISM
500
Involves a visionary change in which the organization fundamentally changes the business in which it is involved.
What is TYPE 3 TRANSFORMATION
500
This theory focuses on how the environment selects organizations for survival or extinction, with whole populations of organizations changing as a result of ongoing cycles of variation, selection, and retention.