Patho
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the myocardium after an acute myocardial infarction?
coagulative necrosis
Which drug reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression?
Naloxone
Which cells produce pulmonary surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes.
Which nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2).
Which antibody is produced first during a primary immune response?
IgM
Which diabetic emergency causes profound dehydration, severe hyperglycemia, and increased serum osmolality with minimal ketosis?
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Which antibiotic can cause tendon injury and inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV?
Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin.
Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the greatest proportion of filtered sodium and water?
The proximal convoluted tubule.
Which nerve is commonly injured in a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
axillary
Which cytokine is essential for T-cell proliferation after activation?
IL-2
smoker develops a tumor that produces keratin pearls and intercellular bridges. Which type of cancer is this?
Squamous cell carcinoma.
Which antidote reverses benzodiazepine effects but may precipitate seizures in dependent patients or mixed overdoses?
flumazenil
What happens to blood pH during acute hyperventilation?
It increases, causing respiratory alkalosis because carbon dioxide levels fall.
Which artery supplies much of the medial frontal and parietal lobes, including the lower-limb motor cortex?
anterior cerebral artery.
Which immunodeficiency is associated with a thymic developmental defect, hypocalcemia, and conotruncal cardiac abnormalities?
DiGeorge
A patient has painless jaundice, weight loss, and a palpable, nontender gallbladder. Which malignancy should be suspected?
Pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.
Which chemotherapy drug causes hemorrhagic cystitis, preventable with mesna?
Cyclophosphamide
Which mechanism explains why increased ventricular filling generally increases stroke volume?
The Frank–Starling mechanism.
Which structures pass through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
The aorta, thoracic duct, and often the azygos vein.
Which inhibitory receptor competes with CD28 for B7 molecules to limit T-cell activation?
CTLA-4
Which genetic alteration is classically associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?
The BCR::ABL1 fusion caused by the Philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22).
Which anticoagulant directly inhibits thrombin and is commonly used in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
Argatroban
Which ion influx is primarily responsible for the plateau phase of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Calcium influx through L-type calcium channels
A patient has a right-sided lateral medullary infarction. Which artery is classically involved, and which nucleus accounts for loss of pain and temperature from the ipsilateral face?
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Which enzyme is essential for immunoglobulin class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation?
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)