All
Small-scaled farming where crops are grown and livestock reared to fulfill the needs of the farmer and their families. Excess can be sold
Subsistence
Any organism that is noxious, destructive or troublesome.
Pest
The part of agriculture that deals with the raising of livestock such as camels, lambs, goats, sheep etc
Pastoralism
The process of nutrient over-enrichment, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter, and ecosystem degradation
eutrophication
Type of agricultural practice that involves the cutting down of vegetation which is then burned to add nutrients to the soil
Slash and burn
Name one type of organic fertilizer
animal manure, green manure and compost
Differentiate between selective breeding and genetic engineering
Both selective (traditional) breeding and modern genetic engineering produce genetic modifications. Genetic engineering allows for fewer and more precise genetic modifications. The traditional plant breeding process introduces a number of genes into the plant. These genes may include the gene responsible for the desired characteristic, as well as genes responsible for unwanted characteristics
Differentiate between aquaculture and mariculture
Mari=marine environment, marine species eg grouper, shrimp, oyster and snapper
Aqua=freshwater species e.d tilapia, carp, molluscs and crustaceans
What are the three main active ingredients in inorganic fertilizers?
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Approach to controlling pest populations by using all suitable methods-chemical and ecological-in a way that brings about long-term management of pest populations and also minimal environmental impact
IPM
Access to food that is nutritious and safe, and produced in environmentally sustainable ways
Adequacy
What is one factor that contributes to the evolution of agriculture systems in the Caribbean?
Climate, availability of land and fertile soil, history and labour
Pest control method in which pests are reduced or damage is reduced by manipulations such as crop rotations, strip cropping, burning crop residues, staggered planting or practices
Cultural control
What are two negatives associated with aquaculture facilities?
Disease requiring antibiotics, large amounts of waste, farmed fish may escape and introduce disease into the wild
Refers to the policies and processes that enable food security to be achieved
Agency
What are two causes of acidification?
Acid Rain
Decaying remains of dead plants on soil may also form organic acids which contribute to soil acidification
Parent material may also contribute
Fertilizers
Explain one environmentally sustainable soil conservation practice
contour, terracing, alley cropping/agroforestry, crop rotation, conservation tillage, intercropping
Subset of manufacturing that processes raw materials and intermediate products derived from the agricultural sector
Agro-processing
Soil horizon which is light coloured and is also the zone of leaching
E (eluviation)
What are two threats to sustainable agriculture?
Natural disasters and climate change
External shock (global marketplace fluctuations, import of cheap products and international standards)
The use of new technology, crop varieties and farming practices introduced to developing countries.
What are two technological innovations that have aided agriculture in the Caribbean
Use of agrochemicals: increase nutrient availability and productivity
Mechanization
Genetic engineering
What are two features or principles of sustainable agriculture?
ecological integrity, social integrity, economic viability, adaptability, social equity and justice
What are two factors that affect pesticide toxicity in aquatic systems?
toxicity, persistence, products from degradation and degradates and environmental behaviour
List three reasons why machinery is not widespread in the Caribbean
Lack of funds
Maintenance issues
Topography of the land
Small sized farms
Lack of government incentives