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Define genetic drift
Gradual changes in gene frequencies due to random events
Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
Define Energy
Define endemic species
Species that are found in only one area (ex. snow leopard)
Define an ecological niche
How a species uses its habitat, how other organisms in the habitat use that species, and the habitat the species occupies
Differentiate between generalists and specialists
Generalists have broad niches while specialists have narrow niches
Provide Elinor Ostrom's solution to Tragedy of Commons
Communities can manage shared resources in a sustainable way
Define biomagnification
Phenomenon that those who are higher up on the food chain/trophic levels will have higher levels of contaminants
How is energy transferred through the trophic levels?
Organism eating each other; 90% is lost to respiration
Define an indicator species
A species that indicates the overall health of an ecosystem (ex lichens)
Write about the dangers of chemicals and pollution in silent spring
Define natural selection and evolution
N-S) Certain individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce in certain conditions
Evolution) Process through which life forms change genetically over time
List the four population controls
Birth, Mortality, Emigration, Immigration
Explain the 3 survivorship curves
Type 1) Die late in life
Type 2) Die at a uniform rate
Type 3) Die at a young age
What are the different trophic levels?
Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
Define parasitism, mutalism, and commensalism
Parasitism) Obtains nourishment from a host (some are not deadly but they do reduce host fitness)
Mutailsm) Both animals are benefited
Commensalism) One is benefited while the other is not affected (epiphytes)
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary consumer
Secondary) Carnivores
Tertiary) Carnivore that eats other carnivores
Define preservationist and conservationist
Conservationist) Person who advocates or acts for the protection and preservation of the environment and wildlife
Where is primary productivity the highest and lowest?
Highest) Terrestrial ecosystems, swamps/marshes, tropical rainforests
Lowest) Aquatic ecosystems, open ocean
List the tropical biomes
Rain forests, Seasonal forests, savannas + grasslands
Define the three types of selection
1) Directional selection is when an evironment favors an extreme variation of a gene
2) Stabilizing is an environment that favors an intermediate variation
3) Disruptive is when an environment in which both extreme variations (small and large beak) would be advantageous, might turn into speciation
Define the Tradgedy of Commons and provide both Garret Hardin's and Elinor Ostrom's solutions
1) When there are no rules or limitations on resources people act in their self-interest
2) We need regulations by the government and private property rights
3) Communities can manage shared resources in a sustainable way
Define the three types of competition
Interspecific) Between two different species, because they use similar resources both are negatively impacted
Intraspecific) Competition between members of the same species
Herbivory) Consumption of plants by animals, animals are positively impacted, plants have developed tastes, smells, and thorns to combat this
Define mimic, mullerian mimicry, and batesian mimicry
2) When all species copy each other and they are ALL toxic
3) A harmless species mimics a harmful one
Differentiate between shrubs, trees, and grasses
Shrubs) Multiple woody, persistent stems
Trees) Invest more resources to stems, are taller, and can produce more life
Grasses) Photosynthetic tissues because little energy is needed to support tissues