Earth's Atmosphere
Human Activities and Earth's Atmosphere
Earth's Water
Human Activities and Earth's Water
Miscellaneous
100
What % do the troposphere and stratosphere account for the total mass of the atmosphere?
99%
100
Do the reactions involved in ozone depletion involve changes in oxidation state of the O atoms? Explain.
Ozone depletion reactions, which involve only O3, O2, or O, do not involve a change in oxidation state for oxygen atoms. (RULE: the oxidation number of an atom is zero in a neutral substance that contains atoms of only one element.)
100
What is freshwater?
Natural waters that have a low concentrations of dissolved salts and solids.
100
What are the two ways to remove salt from water?
Desalination and Reverse Osmosis
100
What is the chemical equation that forms the ozone?
O + O2 --> 03
200
What is the gas equation?
PV=nRT
200
What is the difference between chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons?
A chlorofluorocarbon is a compound that contains chlorine, fluorine, and carbon, while a hydrofluorocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. Hydrogen replaces the chlorine.
200
How is the salinity of seawater measured?
The mass in grams of dry alts present in 1 kg of seawater.
200
What is eutrophication?
The process by which plants decay consumes O2, and without sufficient oxygen, the water cannot sustain animal life.
200
Why are hydrofluorocarbons potentially less harmful to the ozone layer than CFCs?
Because their photodissociation does not produce chlorine atoms, which catalyze the destruction of the ozone
300
What is the primary basis for the division of the atmosphere into different regions?
Its temperature profile
300
List the possible naturally occurring sources for the gas SO2.
SO2 is released in volcanic gases and also is produced by bacterial action on decomposing vegetable and animal matter
300
In the global water cycle what happens to water that is warmed by the sun?
The liquid water in the ocean evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor and condenses into liquid water droplets that we see as clouds.
300
List the common products formed when an organic material containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen decomposes under aerobic conditions.
CO2 HCO3- H2O SO4 2- NO3-
300
What molecule has about 25 times the greenhouse effect of a CO2 molecule?
Methane (CH4)
400
What are the region names and their altitude intervals of the atmosphere?
troposphere 0 to 12km stratosphere 12 to 50 km mesosphere 50 to 85 km thermosphere 85 to 110 km
400
If a limestone(CaCO3) sculpture were treated to form a surface layer of calcium sulfate, would this help to slow down the effects of acid rain?
CaSO4(s) would protect CaCO3 from attack by acid rain, but it would not provide structural strength limestone.
400
What is groundwater?
Groundwater is freshwater that is under the soil; it composes 20% of the world's freshwater
400
List the common products formed when an organic material containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen decomposes under anaerobic conditions.
CH4 H2S NH3
400
How many steps are there for municipal water treatment?
five steps
500
Distinguish between photodissociation and photoionization
Photodissociation is cleavage of a bond such that two neutral species are produced. Photoionization is absorption of a photon with sufficient energy to eject an electron, producing an ion and the ejected electron.
500
Explain why increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere affect the quantity of energy leaving Earth but do not affect the quantity of energy entering from the sun
Incoming and outgoing energies are different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. CO2 is transparent to incoming visible radiation but absorbs outgoing infrared radiation.
500
What is an aquifer?
An aquifer is a layer of porous rock that holds groundwater
500
What are trihalomethanes?
Trihalomethanes are the by-products of water chlorination; they contain one central carbon atom bound to one hydrogen atom and three halogen atoms.
500
What will happen to islands as the overall temperature increases?
They will become submerged in water
M
e
n
u