AGRICULTURE
POLLUTION
POLLUTION 2.0
ENERGY 2.0
ENERGY 3.0
100
What is Agriculture and its various types.
The cultivating of soil, growing crops and livestock to provide food for human use. Its various types are Commercial, Peasant and Subsistence farming.
100
What is pollution?
The introduction of a pollutant into the environment contaminating air, water, and land.
100
Give two examples of Pollutants form each: Water, Air and Soil pollution.
Water Pollution:
Oil spills: Contaminate water bodies, harming marine life and ecosystems.
Plastic waste: Often discarded into rivers and oceans, harming aquatic animals and affecting water quality.
Air Pollution:
Carbon dioxide (CO2): A greenhouse gas emitted by vehicles and industries, contributing to climate change.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Released from vehicle exhaust and industrial processes, contributing to smog and acid rain.
Soil Pollution:
Pesticides: Chemicals used in agriculture that can leach into the soil, harming plant and animal life.
Heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium): Contaminants from industrial waste that can degrade soil quality and enter the food chain.
100
What are the 10 types of Energy Sources.
What is Solar, Wind, Hydro, Ocean Thermal, Geothermal, Tidal, Wave, Nuclear, Fossil fuel, Hydrogen Fuel Cells
100
State the four forms of Energy.
Potential, Kinetic, Mechanical, Electrical
200
What is the difference between Mariculture and Aquaculture?
Mariculture is a type of aquaculture focused on cultivating marine organisms in salt/brackish water while Aquaculture broadly focuses on cultivating marine organisms in both fresh and brackish water
200
Name the 4 Natures of Pollution
Toxicity, Mobility, Persistence and Synergism
200
Define Persistence as a Nature of Pollution.
Persistence in pollution refers to how long a pollutant remains in the environment without breaking down. Persistent pollutants, like certain chemicals and heavy metals, stay in the air, water, or soil for long periods, causing long-term environmental harm.
200
What is Energy Conservation and Efficiency?
Energy conservation refers to the practice of reducing energy consumption by using less energy for the same activities, often through behavioral changes or simple actions like turning off lights when not in use or using public transportation. Energy efficiency involves using technology or methods that use less energy to perform the same task, such as using energy-efficient appliances or upgrading insulation in buildings. Both concepts aim to reduce energy waste, lower costs, and help protect the environment by minimizing the demand for energy.
200
Explain how a fuel cell produces energy.
A fuel cell produces energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Inside the fuel cell, hydrogen gas is supplied to the anode, where it is split into protons and electrons. The protons pass through an electrolyte membrane, while the electrons are forced to travel through an external circuit, creating an electric current. On the other side, oxygen is supplied to the cathode, where it reacts with the protons and electrons to form water as a byproduct. This process generates electricity and heat, with water being the only emission, making fuel cells a clean energy source.
300
Give Two Advantages and Two Disadvantages of Aquaculture and Mariculture.
Aquaculture and mariculture offer significant advantages, such as increasing food production to meet the rising demand for seafood and supporting economic growth by creating jobs and boosting local economies. However, they also come with drawbacks, including environmental impacts like habitat destruction, water pollution, and the spread of diseases to wild fish populations, which can harm biodiversity.
300
Define Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification.
Bioaccumulation is the buildup of toxins in an organism over time as it absorbs them faster than it can eliminate them. Biomagnification is the increase in toxin concentration as they move up the food chain, affecting predators at higher levels.
300
Define Toxicity as a Nature of Pollution.
Toxicity as a nature of pollution refers to the harmful effects a pollutant can have on living organisms. Toxic pollutants can cause damage to health, ecosystems, and biodiversity, even in small amounts. These pollutants can be chemicals, heavy metals, or other substances that, when absorbed by plants, animals, or humans, lead to disease, poisoning, or death.
300
What is the Energy Efficiency Formula
Useful Energy Output/Total energy Input x100
300
Explain energy is produces from a nuclear site.
Energy at a nuclear power plant is produced through a process called nuclear fission. In this process, atoms of uranium or plutonium are split in a controlled environment. When the nucleus of a heavy atom (such as uranium-235) is bombarded with a neutron, it splits into smaller atoms, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of heat. This heat is used to produce steam from water. The steam then drives a turbine connected to a generator, which produces electricity. Afterward, the steam is cooled and condensed back into water to repeat the cycle. Nuclear power plants also release minimal greenhouse gases, making them a low-carbon energy source.
400
Define Ecological Integrity and Social Equity.
Ecological integrity means keeping ecosystems (like forests, oceans, and wetlands) healthy and functioning well, with all their natural processes, plants, and animals in balance. It ensures that these ecosystems can continue to support life and provide essential services, like clean air and water. Social equity is about ensuring that everyone, regardless of their background, has fair access to resources, opportunities, and rights. It focuses on treating people equally and reducing inequalities, especially for disadvantaged or marginalized groups, so that all members of society can live better lives. Both are important for creating a sustainable and just future.
400
State and explain 2 ways the government can mitigate pollution in Jamaica.
The Jamaican government can mitigate pollution by implementing stricter environmental regulations, such as enforcing limits on industrial emissions and requiring businesses to adopt cleaner technologies and proper waste management practices. Additionally, promoting public awareness and education through campaigns that encourage recycling, waste reduction, and eco-friendly practices can help reduce pollution at the individual and community levels. By combining regulation with education, the government can foster a more sustainable approach to reducing pollution across the country.
400
Define Synergistic Effects as a Nature of Pollution.
Synergistic effects in pollution refer to the combined impact of two or more pollutants that, when present together, cause a greater harmful effect than if each pollutant acted alone. In other words, the pollutants interact in a way that amplifies their toxicity, leading to more severe environmental or health consequences. For example, exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants together can increase the risk of respiratory issues, cancer, or other diseases more than each pollutant individually.
400
Define Co-generation and give an example of it.
Co-generation is the simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source, typically in a single process. This method increases energy efficiency by utilizing the waste heat that would otherwise be lost in conventional power generation.
Example: A common example of co-generation is a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, where natural gas is burned to produce electricity, and the excess heat from the process is captured and used for heating buildings or industrial processes, such as in a factory or district heating system.
400
Identify the type of energy source
Hydro Power
500
What is food security, name one factor that is affecting food security and suggestion how a country an prevent food insecurity?
Food security ensures that all people have access to sufficient, nutritious food for an active and healthy life. One major factor affecting food security is climate change, which disrupts weather patterns, reduces crop yields, and harms food supply chains. To prevent food insecurity, countries can adopt sustainable agricultural practices, such as investing in climate-resilient crops, improving irrigation systems, and supporting crop diversification.
500
Name three causes of pollution based on the CAPE Syllabus.
Resource Extraction, Resource transport and Resource Processing
500
Explain how pollutants from a factory can travel and turn into different forms of pollution?
Pollutants from a factory can travel through various environmental pathways and turn into different forms of pollution. For example, when factories release gases like sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides into the air, these pollutants can travel long distances by wind, contributing to air pollution. Over time, they can react with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming acid rain that falls to the ground, leading to water pollution and damaging ecosystems. In addition, particulate matter and chemicals released into the air can settle on soil and water bodies, contaminating them and turning into soil pollution or water pollution. Pollutants can also enter rivers or oceans directly through waste runoff, impacting aquatic life and contributing to marine pollution. Thus, pollutants can travel and transform into different pollution types, affecting air, water, soil, and ecosystems in various ways.
500
List the 7 Factors affecting Electricity Generation
-Government policy
-Storage
-Demand Pattern
-Stock Pilling
-Economy
-Diversity
-Generation Methods
500
Identify this Energy Source
Geothermal Energy