Hardy-Weinberg
In a population the sum of all allelic frequencies in a population must be...
1, or 100% of the alleles
The chi-squared probability chart does not change with new data, true or false?
True
Species biodiversity is measured by... (two things)
Species Richness, Relative Abundance
What is the morphological species concept and where is it commonly used?
Species are based on morphology/phenotype. Used a lot in museum settings and with extinct organisms.
Genotype:
Genetic material passed between generations
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equations are used to...
determine whether allele frequencies are changing over time in a population.
Degrees of freedom is calculated how?
Variables - 1
Species Richness:
# of species
Convergent Evolution:
Species evolve similar traits to survive their environment independently
Phenotype:
Observable characteristics or traits of an organism
If an allele makes up one fourth of the whole population's alleles then it's frequency is...
What is 25 percent or .25
What P-value is used to show the null hypothesis was rejected?
P = .05 or less meaning there was a 5% chance or less of those numbers occurring randomly.
The closer to 1, the higher the diversity, true or false?
True
Speciation due to geographic isolation
Allopatric Speciation
Gene Flow:
The movement of alleles among and between populations
Conditions required for equilibrium
(6 in total)
Random mating, no mutations, infinite population, no gene flow, no natural selection, same number of offspring produced per individual
What does a large X2 value mean? Close to zero?
Large =observed and expected are different
Small/close to zero = observed and expected are not different
Why is species biodiversity important?
A large biodiversity is evident of a stable and healthy environment. Low biodiversity is less resilient to change and easily affected.
Name three possible causes of sympatric speciation.
Physical isolation, behavioral isolation, genetic isolation, habitat differentiation, temporal isolation
The higher the genetic diversity, the higher chance of species survival. Why?
More genetic diversity has an increased chance of physical traits that could increase fitness
Knowing that 37 of 100 individuals in a population have a recessive phenotype, what is the recessive allele frequency?
q ~ .61
With a chi-squared number of 16 and 10 degrees of freedom, was there a significant chance those results did not occur randomly?
No, the P-value was not .05 or below. There was not a 5% chance or below that those results did not occur randomly
Why is it important to be able to measure species biodiversity in environmental science?
We need to know if humans are impacting an environment positively or negatively.
Why does specialization create more diversity?
Organisms concentrating on a certain niche outcompete generalist organisms. This leads to habitat differentiation and lessened gene flow.
Two types of genetic drift and their definitions
Bottleneck: Genetic drift when a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment occurs
Founder Effect: Genetic drift that occurs when when a few individuals, representing a fraction of the original allele pool, invade a new area and establish a new population