Plate Tectonics
Rocks & Minerals
Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Geologic Time/Earth's History
Glaciers & Running water
Oceans & the Atmosphere
100
German meteorologist and physicist known as the "Father of Plate Tectonics"
Alfred Wegener
100
A form of the mineral halite (NaCl) is actively used as a food ingredient/seasoning and is better known by this, more commonly used, name.
Salt
100
This is the term used for the position on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake source.
Epicenter
100
The approximate age of the Earth
4.6 billion years
100
This is the area of the glacier below the snowline in the image below:
Zone of ablation/wastage
100
This portion of the atmosphere protects us from harmful UV radiation
Ozone layer
200
The largest layer of the Earth's interior
Mantle
200
This is the most abundant mineral group found in the Earth's crust
Silicates
200
This type of seismic wave arrives first at a seismograph station.
P waves
200
Fossils are only found in these types of rocks.
Sedimentary
200
This is an irregular ridge of till laid down at the terminus of a retreating glacier.
End moraine
200
This is what happens to atmospheric pressure as you go up in elevation/altitude
It decreases
300
The asthenosphere is part of this layer of the Earth
Mantle
300
A 10 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, this mineral is the hardest naturally-occurring mineral in the world.
Diamond
300
This type of lava flow has smooth surfaces and often looks like ribbons or braids of rope
Pahoehoe
300
This is the definition of an unconformity
A gap in the geologic record
300
Laminar flow, where water moves in approximately straight-line paths, is characteristic of these types of streams
Slow moving streams
300
In the image below the North Pole is tilted 23.5 degrees towards the Sun, known as this 'special day' in the Northern Hemisphere.
Summer Solstice
400
This type of fault is shown in the illustration below:
Reverse fault.
400
This is the process by which sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks.
Lithification
400
Triangulation, a method used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, requires data from this many seismic stations.
Three (3)
400
This relative dating principle refers to the idea that the oldest strata are at the bottom and the newest strata are on top
Principle of Superposition
400
The LGM, or Last Glacial Maximum, occurred approximately this many years ago.
20,000
400
This is the lowest layer of the atmosphere
Troposphere
500
In this type of fault, the hanging wall moves down in relation to the footwall.
Normal dip-slip fault
500
Why are intrusive igneous rocks often characterized as coarse-grained?
They cool slowly at depth (deep underground), allowing large crystals to grow
500
This is the measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow.
Viscosity
500
This era of geologic time was highlighted by the "Cambrian Explosion" and the evolution of trilobites
Paleozoic Era
500
This is the equation for stream discharge
Stream cross-sectional area multiplied by stream velocity
500
This mechanism of heat transfer is responsible for the circulation of heat INSIDE the cooking pot illustrated below.
Convection
600
There are this many major tectonic plates on Earth
Seven (7)
600
What is the chemical formula of the cave-forming mineral calcite?
CaCO3
600
Mauna Loa
600
This percentage of Earth's history is referred to as the Precambrian.
90%
600
This term is used to describe when large pieces of ice break off a glacier, into the water.
Calving
600
These types of organisms drift with ocean currents and make up most of the Earth's biomass
Plankton
700
The San Andreas Fault is an example of this type of plate boundary
Transform
700
This is the most common mineral/mineral group in the Earth's crust.
Feldspars
700
These superheated mixture of gases, volcanic ash and rock fragments/debris are responsible for many of the deaths associated with the eruption of volcanoes such as Mt. St. Helens and Mount Vesuvius.
Pyroclastic flows
700
This supercontinent existed during the late Paleozoic, and was the most recent supercontinent
Pangaea
700
With respect to glacial balance (accumulation vs. ablation), this is what is happening when an alpine glacier is lengthening
Accumulation exceeds ablation
700
These types of air masses cause lake effect snows
Continental polar (cP)